The Silverado Squatters.....................................................................................................................................1

THE scene of this little book is on a high mountain. There are, indeed, many higher; there are many of a

nobler outline. It is no place of pilgrimage for the summary globetrotter; but to one who lives upon its sides,

Mount Saint Helena soon becomes a centre of interest. It is the Mont Blanc of one section of the Californian

Coast Range, none of its near neighbours rising to onehalf its altitude. It looks down on much green,

intricate country. It feeds in the springtime many splashing brooks. From its summit you must have an

excellent lesson of geography: seeing, to the south, San Francisco Bay, with Tamalpais on the one hand and

Monte Diablo on the other; to the west and thirty miles away, the open ocean; eastward, across the

cornlands and thick tule swamps of Sacramento Valley, to where the Central Pacific railroad begins to

climb the sides of the Sierras; and northward, for what I know, the white head of Shasta looking down on

Oregon. Three counties, Napa County, Lake County, and Sonoma County, march across its cliffy shoulders.

Its naked peak stands nearly four thousand five hundred feet above the sea; its sides are fringed with forest;

Life in its shadow goes rustically forward. Bucks, and bears, and rattlesnakes, and former mining

operations, are the staple of men's talk. Agriculture has only begun to mount above the valley. And though in

a few years from now the whole district may be smiling with farms, passing trains shaking the mountain to

the heart, manywindowed hotels lighting up the night like factories, and a prosperous city occupying the site

of sleepy Calistoga; yet in the mean time, around the foot of that mountain the silence of nature reigns in a

great measure unbroken, and the people of hill and valley go sauntering about their business as in the days

To reach Mount Saint Helena from San Francisco, the traveller has twice to cross the bay: once by the busy

Oakland Ferry, and again, after an hour or so of the railway, from Vallejo junction to Vallejo. Thence he

In all the contractions and expansions of that inland sea, the Bay of San Francisco, there can be few drearier

scenes than the Vallejo Ferry. Bald shores and a low, bald islet inclose the sea; through the narrows the tide

bubbles, muddy like a river. When we made the passage (bound, although yet we knew it not, for Silverado)

the steamer jumped, and the black buoys were dancing in the jabble; the ocean breeze blew killing chill; and,

although the upper sky was still unflecked with vapour, the sea fogs were pouring in from seaward, over the

South Vallejo is typical of many Californian towns. It was a blunder; the site has proved untenable; and,

although it is still such a young place by the scale of Europe, it has already begun to be deserted for its

neighbour and namesake, North Vallejo. A long pier, a number of drinking saloons, a hotel of a great size,

marshy pools where the frogs keep up their croaking, and even at high noon the entire absence of any human

face or voice these are the marks of South Vallejo. Yet there was a tall building beside the pier, labelled the

STAR FLOUR MILLS; and seagoing, fullrigged ships lay close along shore, waiting for their cargo. Soon

these would be plunging round the Horn, soon the flour from the STAR FLOUR MILLS would be landed on

the wharves of Liverpool. For that, too, is one of England's outposts; thither, to this gaunt mill, across the

Atlantic and Pacific deeps and round about the icy Horn, this crowd of great, threemasted, deepsea ships

The Frisby House, for that was the name of the hotel, was a place of fallen fortunes, like the town. It was now

given up to labourers, and partly ruinous. At dinner there was the ordinary display of what is called in the

west a TWOBIT HOUSE: the tablecloth checked red and white, the plague of flies, the wire hencoops over

the dishes, the great variety and invariable vileness of the food and the rough coatless men devoting it in

silence. In our bedroom, the stove would not burn, though it would smoke; and while one window would not

open, the other would not shut. There was a view on a bit of empty road, a few dark houses, a donkey

wandering with its shadow on a slope, and a blink of sea, with a tall ship lying anchored in the moonlight. All

Early the next morning we mounted the hill along a wooden footway, bridging one marish spot after another.

Here and there, as we ascended, we passed a house embowered in white roses. More of the bay became

apparent, and soon the blue peak of Tamalpais rose above the green level of the island opposite. It told us we

were still but a little way from the city of the Golden Gates, already, at that hour, beginning to awake among

the sandhills. It called to us over the waters as with the voice of a bird. Its stately head, blue as a sapphire on

the paler azure of the sky, spoke to us of wider outlooks and the bright Pacific. For Tamalpais stands sentry,

like a lighthouse, over the Golden Gates, between the bay and the open ocean, and looks down indifferently

on both. Even as we saw and hailed it from Vallejo, seamen, far out at sea, were scanning it with shaded eyes;

and, as if to answer to the thought, one of the great ships below began silently to clothe herself with white

For some way beyond Vallejo the railway led us through bald green pastures. On the west the rough

highlands of Marin shut off the ocean; in the midst, in long, straggling, gleaming arms, the bay died out

among the grass; there were few trees and few enclosures; the sun shone wide over open uplands, the

displumed hills stood clear against the sky. But byandby these hills began to draw nearer on either hand,

and first thicket and then wood began to clothe their sides; and soon we were away from all signs of the sea's

neighbourhood, mounting an inland, irrigated valley. A great variety of oaks stood, now severally, now in a

becoming grove, among the fields and vineyards. The towns were compact, in about equal proportions, of

bright, new wooden houses and great and growing forest trees; and the chapel bell on the engine sounded

most festally that sunny Sunday, as we drew up at one green town after another, with the townsfolk trooping

in their Sunday's best to see the strangers, with the sun sparkling on the clean houses, and great domes of

This pleasant Napa Valley is, at its north end, blockaded by our mountain. There, at Calistoga, the railroad

ceases, and the traveller who intends faring farther, to the Geysers or to the springs in Lake County, must

cross the spurs of the mountain by stage. Thus, Mount Saint Helena is not only a summit, but a frontier; and,

IT is difficult for a European to imagine Calistoga, the whole place is so new, and of such an accidental

pattern; the very name, I hear, was invented at a supperparty by the man who found the springs.

The railroad and the highway come up the valley about parallel to one another. The street of Calistoga joins

the perpendicular to both a wide street, with bright, clean, low houses, here and there a verandah over the

sidewalk, here and there a horsepost, here and there lounging townsfolk. Other streets are marked out, and

most likely named; for these towns in the New World begin with a firm resolve to grow larger, Washington

and Broadway, and then First and Second, and so forth, being boldly plotted out as soon as the community

indulges in a plan. But, in the meanwhile, all the life and most of the houses of Calistoga are concentrated

upon that street between the railway station and the road. I never heard it called by any name, but I will

hazard a guess that it is either Washington or Broadway. Here are the blacksmith's, the chemist's, the general

merchant's, and Kong Sam Kee, the Chinese laundryman's; here, probably, is the office of the local paper (for

the place has a paper they all have papers); and here certainly is one of the hotels, Cheeseborough's,

whence the daring Foss, a man dear to legend, starts his horses for the Geysers.

It must be remembered that we are here in a land of stage drivers and highwaymen: a land, in that sense,

like England a hundred years ago. The highway robber roadagent, he is quaintly called is still busy in

these parts. The fame of Vasquez is still young. Only a few years go, the Lakeport stage was robbed a mile or

two from Calistoga. In 1879, the dentist of Mendocino City, fifty miles away upon the coast, suddenly threw

off the garments of his trade, like Grindoff, in THE MILLER AND HIS MEN, and flamed forth in his second

dress as a captain of banditti. A great robbery was followed by a long chase, a chase of days if not of weeks,

among the intricate hillcountry; and the chase was followed by much desultory fighting, in which several

and the dentist, I believe, amongst the number bit the dust. The grass was springing for the first time,

nourished upon their blood, when I arrived in Calistoga. I am reminded of another highwayman of that same

year. "He had been unwell," so ran his humorous defence, "and the doctor told him to take something, so he

The cultus of the stagecoachman always flourishes highest where there are thieves on the road, and where

the guard travels armed, and the stage is not only a link between country and city, and the vehicle of news,

but has a faint warfaring aroma, like a man who should be brother to a soldier. California boasts her famous

stagedrivers, and among the famous Foss is not forgotten. Along the unfenced, abominable mountain roads,

he launches his team with small regard to human life or the doctrine of probabilities. Flinching travellers,

who behold themselves coasting eternity at every corner, look with natural admiration at their driver's huge,

impassive, fleshy countenance. He has the very face for the driver in Sam Weller's anecdote, who upset the

election party at the required point. Wonderful tales are current of his readiness and skill. One in particular, of

how one of his horses fell at a ticklish passage of the road, and how Foss let slip the reins, and, driving over

the fallen animal, arrived at the next stage with only three. This I relate as I heard it, without guarantee.

I only saw Foss once, though, strange as it may sound, I have twice talked with him. He lives out of

Calistoga, at a ranche called Fossville. One evening, after he was long gone home, I dropped into

Cheeseborough's, and was asked if I should like to speak with Mr. Foss. Supposing that the interview was

impossible, and that I was merely called upon to subscribe the general sentiment, I boldly answered "Yes."

Next moment, I had one instrument at my ear, another at my mouth and found myself, with nothing in the

world to say, conversing with a man several miles off among desolate hills. Foss rapidly and somewhat

plaintively brought the conversation to an end; and he returned to his night's grog at Fossville, while I strolled

forth again on Calistoga high street. But it was an odd thing that here, on what we are accustomed to consider

the very skirts of civilization, I should have used the telephone for the first time in my civilized career. So it

goes in these young countries; telephones, and telegraphs, and newspapers, and advertisements running far

Alone, on the other side of the railway, stands the Springs Hotel, with its attendant cottages. The floor of the

valley is extremely level to the very roots of the hills; only here and there a hillock, crowned with pines, rises

like the barrow of some chieftain famed in war; and right against one of these hillocks is the Springs Hotel

is or was; for since I was there the place has been destroyed by fire, and has risen again from its ashes. A

lawn runs about the house, and the lawn is in its turn surrounded by a system of little fiveroomed cottages,

each with a verandah and a weedy palm before the door. Some of the cottages are let to residents, and these

are wreathed in flowers. The rest are occupied by ordinary visitors to the Hotel; and a very pleasant way this

is, by which you have a little country cottage of your own, without domestic burthens, and by the day or

The whole neighbourhood of Mount Saint Helena is full of sulphur and of boiling springs. The Geysers are

famous; they were the great health resort of the Indians before the coming of the whites. Lake County is

dotted with spas; Hot Springs and White Sulphur Springs are the names of two stations on the Napa Valley

railroad; and Calistoga itself seems to repose on a mere film above a boiling, subterranean lake. At one end of

the hotel enclosure are the springs from which it takes its name, hot enough to scald a child seriously while I

was there. At the other end, the tenant of a cottage sank a well, and there also the water came up boiling. It

keeps this end of the valley as warm as a toast. I have gone across to the hotel a little after five in the

morning, when a sea fog from the Pacific was hanging thick and gray, and dark and dirty overhead, and

found the thermometer had been up before me, and had already climbed among the nineties; and in the stress

But in spite of this heat from above and below, doing one on both sides, Calistoga was a pleasant place to

dwell in; beautifully green, for it was then that favoured moment in the Californian year, when the rains are

over and the dusty summer has not yet set in; often visited by fresh airs, now from the mountain, now across

Sonoma from the sea; very quiet, very idle, very silent but for the breezes and the cattle bells afield. And

there was something satisfactory in the sight of that great mountain that enclosed us to the north: whether it

stood, robed in sunshine, quaking to its topmost pinnacle with the heat and brightness of the day; or whether

it set itself to weaving vapours, wisp after wisp growing, trembling, fleeting, and fading in the blue.

The tangled, woody, and almost trackless foothills that enclose the valley, shutting it off from Sonoma on

the west, and from Yolo on the east rough as they were in outline, dug out by winter streams, crowned by

cliffy bluffs and nodding pine trees wore dwarfed into satellites by the bulk and bearing of Mount Saint

Helena. She overtowered them by twothirds of her own stature. She excelled them by the boldness of her

profile. Her great bald summit, clear of trees and pasture, a cairn of quartz and cinnabar, rejected kinship with

WE drove off from the Springs Hotel about three in the afternoon. The sun warmed me to the heart. A broad,

cool wind streamed pauselessly down the valley, laden with perfume. Up at the top stood Mount Saint

Helena, a bulk of mountain, bare atop, with treefringed spurs, and radiating warmth. Once we saw it framed

in a grove of tall and exquisitely graceful white oaks, in line and colour a finished composition. We passed a

cow stretched by the roadside, her bell slowly beating time to the movement of her ruminating jaws, her big

A little farther, and we struck to the left up a mountain road, and for two hours threaded one valley after

another, green, tangled, full of noble timber, giving us every now and again a sight of Mount Saint Helena

and the blue hilly distance, and crossed by many streams, through which we splashed to the carriagestep. To

the right or the left, there was scarce any trace of man but the road we followed; I think we passed but one

ranchero's house in the whole distance, and that was closed and smokeless. But we had the society of these

bright streams dazzlingly clear, as is their wont, splashing from the wheels in diamonds, and striking a

lively coolness through the sunshine. And what with the innumerable variety of greens, the masses of foliage

tossing in the breeze, the glimpses of distance, the descents into seemingly impenetrable thickets, the

continual dodging of the road which made haste to plunge again into the covert, we had a fine sense of

Our driver gave me a lecture by the way on Californian trees a thing I was much in need of, having fallen

among painters who know the name of nothing, and Mexicans who know the name of nothing in English. He

taught me the madrona, the manzanita, the buckeye, the maple; he showed me the crested mountain quail;

he showed me where some young redwoods were already spiring heavenwards from the ruins of the old; for

in this district all had already perished: redwoods and redskins, the two noblest indigenous living things, alike

At length, in a lonely dell, we came on a huge wooden gate with a sign upon it like an inn. "The Petrified

Forest. Proprietor: C. Evans," ran the legend. Within, on a knoll of sward, was the house of the proprietor,

and another smaller house hard by to serve as a museum, where photographs and petrifactions were retailed.

The proprietor was a brave old whitefaced Swede. He had wandered this way, Heaven knows how, and

taken up his acres I forget how many years ago all alone, bent double with sciatica, and with six bits in

his pocket and an axe upon his shoulder. Long, useless years of seafaring had thus discharged him at the end,

penniless and sick. Without doubt he had tried his luck at the diggings, and got no good from that; without

doubt he had loved the bottle, and lived the life of Jack ashore. But at the end of these adventures, here he

came; and, the place hitting his fancy, down he sat to make a new life of it, far from crimps and the salt sea.

And the very sight of his ranche had done him good. It was "the handsomest spot in the Californy

mountains." "Isn't it handsome, now?" he said. Every penny he makes goes into that ranche to make it

handsomer. Then the climate, with the sea breeze every afternoon in the hottest summer weather, had

gradually cured the sciatica; and his sister and niece were now domesticated with him for company or,

rather, the niece came only once in the two days, teaching music the meanwhile in the valley. And then, for a

last piece of luck, "the handsomest spot in the Californy mountains" had produced a petrified forest, which

Mr. Evans now shows at the modest figure of half a dollar a head, or twothirds of his capital when he first

This tardy favourite of fortune hobbling a little, I think, as if in memory of the sciatica, but with not a trace

that I can remember of the sea thoroughly ruralized from head to foot, proceeded to escort us up the hill

"The first? I was that man," said he. "I was cleaning up the pasture for my beasts, when I found THIS"

kicking a great redwood seven feet in diameter, that lay there on its side, hollow heart, clinging lumps of

bark, all changed into gray stone, with veins of quartz between what had been the layers of the wood.

"Surprised? No! What would I be surprised about? What did I know about petrifactions following the sea?

Petrifaction! There was no such word in my language! I knew about putrifaction, though! I thought it was a

And now he had a theory of his own, which I did not quite grasp, except that the trees had not "grewed" there.

But he mentioned, with evident pride, that he differed from all the scientific people who had visited the spot;

When I mentioned I was from Scotland, "My old country," he said; "my old country" with a smiling look

and a tone of real affection in his voice. I was mightily surprised, for he was obviously Scandinavian, and

begged him to explain. It seemed he had learned his English and done nearly all his sailing in Scotch ships.

"Out of Glasgow," said he, "or Greenock; but that's all the same they all hail from Glasgow." And he was

so pleased with me for being a Scotsman, and his adopted compatriot, that he made me a present of a very

beautiful piece of petrifaction I believe the most beautiful and portable he had.

Here was a man, at least, who was a Swede, a Scot, and an American, acknowledging some kind allegiance to

three lands. Mr. Wallace's ScotoCircassian will not fail to come before the reader. I have myself met and

spoken with a Fifeshire German, whose combination of abominable accents struck me dumb. But, indeed, I

think we all belong to many countries. And perhaps this habit of much travel, and the engendering of

And the forest itself? Well, on a tangled, briery hillside for the pasture would bear a little further cleaning

up, to my eyes there lie scattered thickly various lengths of petrified trunk, such as the one already

mentioned. It is very curious, of course, and ancient enough, if that were all. Doubtless, the heart of the

geologist beats quicker at the sight; but, for my part, I was mightily unmoved. Sight seeing is the art of

But, fortunately, Heaven rewards us with many agreeable prospects and adventures by the way; and

sometimes, when we go out to see a petrified forest, prepares a far more delightful curiosity, in the form of

I WAS interested in Californian wine. Indeed, I am interested in all wines, and have been all my life, from the

raisin wine that a schoolfellow kept secreted in his playbox up to my last discovery, those notable

Some of us, kind old Pagans, watch with dread the shadows falling on the age: how the unconquerable worm

invades the sunny terraces of France, and Bordeaux is no more, and the Rhone a mere Arabia Petraea.

Chateau Neuf is dead, and I have never tasted it; Hermitage a hermitage indeed from all life's sorrows lies

expiring by the river. And in the place of these imperial elixirs, beautiful to every sense, gemhued,

flowerscented, dreamcompellers: behold upon the quays at Cette the chemicals arrayed; behold the

analyst at Marseilles, raising hands in obsecration, attesting god Lyoeus, and the vats staved in, and the

dishonest wines poured forth among the sea. It is not Pan only; Bacchus, too, is dead.

If wine is to withdraw its most poetic countenance, the sun of the white dinnercloth, a deity to be invoked

by two or three, all fervent, hushing their talk, degusting tenderly, and storing reminiscences for a bottle of

good wine, like a good act, shines ever in the retrospect if wine is to desert us, go thy ways, old Jack! Now

we begin to have compunctions, and look back at the brave bottles squandered upon dinnerparties, where

the guests drank grossly, discussing politics the while, and even the schoolboy "took his whack," like

liquorice water. And at the same time, we look timidly forward, with a spark of hope, to where the new lands,

already weary of producing gold, begin to green with vineyards. A nice point in human history falls to be

Wine in California is still in the experimental stage; and when you taste a vintage, grave economical

questions are involved. The beginning of vineplanting is like the beginning of mining for the precious

metals: the winegrower also "Prospects." One corner of land after another is tried with one kind of grape

after another. This is a failure; that is better; a third best. So, bit by bit, they grope about for their Clos

Vougeot and Lafite. Those lodes and pockets of earth, more precious than the precious ores, that yield

inimitable fragrance and soft fire; those virtuous Bonanzas, where the soil has sublimated under sun and stars

to something finer, and the wine is bottled poetry: these still lie undiscovered; chaparral conceals, thicket

embowers them; the miner chips the rock and wanders farther, and the grizzly muses undisturbed. But there

they bide their hour, awaiting their Columbus; and nature nurses and prepares them. The smack of

Meanwhile the wine is merely a good wine; the best that I have tasted better than a Beaujolais, and not

unlike. But the trade is poor; it lives from hand to mouth, putting its all into experiments, and forced to sell its

vintages. To find one properly matured, and bearing its own name, is to be fortune's favourite.

"You want to know why California wine is not drunk in the States?" a San Francisco wine merchant said to

And opening a large cupboard, fitted with many little drawers, he proceeded to shower me all over with a

great variety of gorgeously tinted labels, blue, red, or yellow, stamped with crown or coronet, and hailing

from such a profusion of CLOS and CHATEAUX, that a single department could scarce have furnished forth

They were all castles in Spain! But that sure enough is the reason why California wine is not drunk in the

Napa valley has been long a seat of the winegrowing industry. It did not here begin, as it does too often, in

the low valley lands along the river, but took at once to the rough foothills, where alone it can expect to

prosper. A basking inclination, and stones, to be a reservoir of the day's heat, seem necessary to the soil for

wine; the grossness of the earth must be evaporated, its marrow daily melted and refined for ages; until at

length these clods that break below our footing, and to the eye appear but common earth, are truly and to the

perceiving mind, a masterpiece of nature. The dust of Richebourg, which the wind carries away, what an

apotheosis of the dust! Not man himself can seem a stranger child of that brown, friable powder, than the

A Californian vineyard, one of man's outposts in the wilderness, has features of its own. There is nothing here

to remind you of the Rhine or Rhone, of the low COTE D'OR, or the infamous and scabby deserts of

Champagne; but all is green, solitary, covert. We visited two of them, Mr. Schram's and Mr. M'Eckron's,

Some way down the valley below Calistoga, we turned sharply to the south and plunged into the thick of the

wood. A rude trail rapidly mounting; a little stream tinkling by on the one hand, big enough perhaps after the

rains, but already yielding up its life; overhead and on all sides a bower of green and tangled thicket, still

fragrant and still flower bespangled by the early season, where thimbleberry played the part of our English

hawthorn, and the buckeyes were putting forth their twisted horns of blossom: through all this, we struggled

toughly upwards, canted to and fro by the roughness of the trail, and continually switched across the face by

sprays of leaf or blossom. The last is no great inconvenience at home; but here in California it is a matter of

some moment. For in all woods and by every wayside there prospers an abominable shrub or weed, called

poisonoak, whose very neighbourhood is venomous to some, and whose actual touch is avoided by the most

The two houses, with their vineyards, stood each in a green niche of its own in this steep and narrow forest

dell. Though they were so near, there was already a good difference in level; and Mr. M'Eckron's head must

be a long way under the feet of Mr. Schram. No more had been cleared than was necessary for cultivation;

close around each oasis ran the tangled wood; the glen enfolds them; there they lie basking in sun and silence,

Mr. M'Eckron's is a bachelor establishment; a little bit of a wooden house, a small cellar hard by in the

hillside, and a patch of vines planted and tended singlehanded by himself. He had but recently began; his

vines were young, his business young also; but I thought he had the look of the man who succeeds. He hailed

from Greenock: he remembered his father putting him inside Mons Meg, and that touched me home; and we

Mr. Schram's, on the other hand, is the oldest vineyard in the valley, eighteen years old, I think; yet he began

a penniless barber, and even after he had broken ground up here with his black malvoisies, continued for long

to tramp the valley with his razor. Now, his place is the picture of prosperity: stuffed birds in the verandah,

cellars far dug into the hillside, and resting on pillars like a bandit's cave: all trimness, varnish, flowers, and

sunshine, among the tangled wildwood. Stout, smiling Mrs. Schram, who has been to Europe and apparently

all about the States for pleasure, entertained Fanny in the verandah, while I was tasting wines in the cellar. To

Mr. Schram this was a solemn office; his serious gusto warmed my heart; prosperity had not yet wholly

banished a certain neophite and girlish trepidation, and he followed every sip and read my face with proud

anxiety. I tasted all. I tasted every variety and shade of Schramberger, red and white Schramberger, Burgundy

Schramberger, Schramberger Hock, Schramberger Golden Chasselas, the latter with a notable bouquet, and I

fear to think how many more. Much of it goes to London most, I think; and Mr. Schram has a great notion

In this wild spot, I did not feel the sacredness of ancient cultivation. It was still raw, it was no Marathon, and

no Johannisberg; yet the stirring sunlight, and the growing vines, and the vats and bottles in the cavern, made

a pleasant music for the mind. Here, also, earth's cream was being skimmed and garnered; and the London

customers can taste, such as it is, the tang of the earth in this green valley. So local, so quintessential is a

wine, that it seems the very birds in the verandah might communicate a flavour, and that romantic cellar

influence the bottle next to be uncorked in Pimlico, and the smile of jolly Mr. Schram might mantle in the

But these are but experiments. All things in this new land are moving farther on: the winevats and the

miner's blasting tools but picket for a night, like Bedouin pavillions; and tomorrow, to fresh woods! This stir

of change and these perpetual echoes of the moving footfall, haunt the land. Men move eternally, still chasing

Fortune; and, fortune found, still wander. As we drove back to Calistoga, the road lay empty of mere

passengers, but its green side was dotted with the camps of travelling families: one cumbered with a great

waggonful of household stuff, settlers going to occupy a ranche they had taken up in Mendocino, or perhaps

Tehama County; another, a party in dust coats, men and women, whom we found camped in a grove on the

roadside, all on pleasure bent, with a Chinaman to cook for them, and who waved their hands to us as we

A FEW pages back, I wrote that a man belonged, in these days, to a variety of countries; but the old land is

still the true love, the others are but pleasant infidelities. Scotland is indefinable; it has no unity except upon

the map. Two languages, many dialects, innumerable forms of piety, and countless local patriotisms and

prejudices, part us among ourselves more widely than the extreme east and west of that great continent of

America. When I am at home, I feel a man from Glasgow to be something like a rival, a man from Barra to

be more than half a foreigner. Yet let us meet in some far country, and, whether we hail from the braes of

Manor or the braes of Mar, some readymade affection joins us on the instant. It is not race. Look at us. One

is Norse, one Celtic, and another Saxon. It is not community of tongue. We have it not among ourselves; and

we have it almost to perfection, with English, or Irish, or American. It is no tie of faith, for we detest each

other's errors. And yet somewhere, deep down in the heart of each one of us, something yearns for the old

Of all mysteries of the human heart, this is perhaps the most inscrutable. There is no special loveliness in that

gray country, with its rainy, seabeat archipelago; its fields of dark mountains; its unsightly places, black

with coal; its treeless, sour, unfriendly looking cornlands; its quaint, gray, castled city, where the bells clash

of a Sunday, and the wind squalls, and the salt showers fly and beat. I do not even know if I desire to live

there; but let me hear, in some far land, a kindred voice sing out, "Oh, why left I my hame?" and it seems at

once as if no beauty under the kind heavens, and no society of the wise and good, can repay me for my

absence from my country. And though I think I would rather die elsewhere, yet in my heart of hearts I long to

be buried among good Scots clods. I will say it fairly, it grows on me with every year: there are no stars so

lovely as Edinburgh streetlamps. When I forget thee, auld Reekie, may my right hand forget its cunning!

The happiest lot on earth is to be born a Scotchman. You must pay for it in many ways, as for all other

advantages on earth. You have to learn the paraphrases and the shorter catechism; you generally take to

drink; your youth, as far as I can find out, is a time of louder war against society, of more outcry and tears

and turmoil, than if you had been born, for instance, in England. But somehow life is warmer and closer; the

hearth burns more redly; the lights of home shine softer on the rainy street; the very names, endeared in verse

and music, cling nearer round our hearts. An Englishman may meet an Englishman tomorrow, upon

Chimborazo, and neither of them care; but when the Scotch winegrower told me of Mons Meg, it was like

"From the dim shieling on the misty island Mountains divide us, and a world of seas; Yet still our hearts are

Only a few days after I had seen M'Eckron, a message reached me in my cottage. It was a Scotchman who

had come down a long way from the hills to market. He had heard there was a countryman in Calistoga, and

came round to the hotel to see him. We said a few words to each other; we had not much to say should

never have seen each other had we stayed at home, separated alike in space and in society; and then we shook

hands, and he went his way again to his ranche among the hills, and that was all.

Another Scotchman there was, a resident, who for the more love of the common country, douce, serious,

religious man, drove me all about the valley, and took as much interest in me as if I had been his son: more,

perhaps; for the son has faults too keenly felt, while the abstract countryman is perfect like a whiff of peats.

And there was yet another. Upon him I came suddenly, as he was calmly entering my cottage, his mind quite

evidently bent on plunder: a man of about fifty, filthy, ragged, roguish, with a chimneypot hat and a tail

coat, and a pursing of his mouth that might have been envied by an elder of the kirk. He had just such a face

"You're a Scotchman, sir?" he said gravely. "So am I; I come from Aberdeen. This is my card," presenting me

with a piece of pasteboard which he had raked out of some gutter in the period of the rains. "I was just

examining this palm," he continued, indicating the misbegotten plant before our door, "which is the largest

There were four or five larger within sight. But where was the use of argument? He produced a tapeline,

made me help him to measure the tree at the level of the ground, and entered the figures in a large and filthy

pocketbook, all with the gravity of Solomon. He then thanked me profusely, remarking that such little

services were due between countrymen; shook hands with me, "for add lang syne," as he said; and took

A month or two after this encounter of mine, there came a Scot to Sacramento perhaps from Aberdeen.

Anyway, there never was any one more Scotch in this wide world. He could sing and dance, and drink, I

presume; and he played the pipes with vigour and success. All the Scotch in Sacramento became infatuated

with him, and spent their spare time and money, driving him about in an open cab, between drinks, while he

blew himself scarlet at the pipes. This is a very sad story. After he had borrowed money from every one, he

and his pipes suddenly disappeared from Sacramento, and when I last heard, the police were looking for him.

I cannot say how this story amused me, when I felt myself so thoroughly ripe on both sides to be duped in the

It is at least a curious thing, to conclude, that the races which wander widest, Jews and Scotch, should be the

most clannish in the world. But perhaps these two are cause and effect: "For ye were strangers in the land of

ONE thing in this new country very particularly strikes a stranger, and that is the number of antiquities.

Already there have been many cycles of population succeeding each other, and passing away and leaving

behind them relics. These, standing on into changed times, strike the imagination as forcibly as any pyramid

or feudal tower. The towns, like the vineyards, are experimentally founded: they grow great and prosper by

passing occasions; and when the lode comes to an end, and the miners move elsewhere, the town remains

behind them, like Palmyra in the desert. I suppose there are, in no country in the world, so many deserted

The whole neighbourhood of Mount Saint Helena, now so quiet and sylvan, was once alive with mining

camps and villages. Here there would be two thousand souls under canvas; there one thousand or fifteen

hundred ensconced, as if for ever, in a town of comfortable houses. But the luck had failed, the mines petered

out; and the army of miners had departed, and left this quarter of the world to the rattlesnakes and deer and

It was with an eye on one of these deserted places, Pine Flat, on the Geysers road, that we had come first to

Calistoga. There is something singularly enticing in the idea of going, rentfree, into a readymade house.

And to the British merchant, sitting at home at ease, it may appear that, with such a roof over your head and a

spring of clear water hard by, the whole problem of the squatter's existence would be solved. Food, however,

has yet to be considered, I will go as far as most people on tinned meats; some of the brightest moments of

my life were passed over tinned mulli gatawney in the cabin of a sixteenton schooner, stormstayed in

Portree Bay; but after suitable experiments, I pronounce authoritatively that man cannot live by tins alone.

Fresh meat must be had on an occasion. It is true that the great Foss, driving by along the Geysers road,

woodenfaced, but glorified with legend, might have been induced to bring us meat, but the great Foss could

hardly bring us milk. To take a cow would have involved taking a field of grass and a milkmaid; after which

it would have been hardly worth while to pause, and we might have added to our colony a flock of sheep and

It is really very disheartening how we depend on other people in this life. "Mihi est propositum," as you may

see by the motto, "id quod regibus;" and behold it cannot be carried out, unless I find a neighbour rolling in

Now, my principal adviser in this matter was one whom I will call Kelmar. That was not what he called

himself, but as soon as I set eyes on him, I knew it was or ought to be his name; I am sure it will be his name

among the angels. Kelmar was the storekeeper, a Russian Jew, goodnatured, in a very thriving way of

business, and, on equal terms, one of the most serviceable of men. He also had something of the expression of

a Scotch country elder, who, by some peculiarity, should chance to be a Hebrew. He had a projecting under

lip, with which he continually smiled, or rather smirked. Mrs. Kelmar was a singularly kind woman; and the

oldest son had quite a dark and romantic bearing, and might be heard on summer evenings playing

I had no idea, at the time I made his acquaintance, what an important person Kelmar was. But the Jew

storekeepers of California, profiting at once by the needs and habits of the people, have made themselves in

too many cases the tyrants of the rural population. Credit is offered, is pressed on the new customer, and

when once he is beyond his depth, the tune changes, and he is from thenceforth a white slave. I believe, even

from the little I saw, that Kelmar, if he choose to put on the screw, could send half the settlers packing in a

radius of seven or eight miles round Calistoga. These are continually paying him, but are never suffered to

get out of debt. He palms dull goods upon them, for they dare not refuse to buy; he goes and dines with them

when he is on an outing, and no man is loudlier welcomed; he is their family friend, the director of their

For some reason, Kelmar always shook his head at the mention of Pine Flat, and for some days I thought he

disapproved of the whole scheme and was proportionately sad. One fine morning, however, he met me,

wreathed in smiles. He had found the very place for me Silverado, another old mining town, right up the

mountain. Rufe Hanson, the hunter, could take care of us fine people the Hansons; we should be close to

the Toll House, where the Lakeport stage called daily; it was the best place for my health, besides. Rufe had

been consumptive, and was now quite a strong man, ain't it? In short, the place and all its accompaniments

He took me to his back door, whence, as from every point of Calistoga, Mount Saint Helena could be seen

towering in the air. There, in the nick, just where the eastern foothills joined the mountain, and she herself

began to rise above the zone of forest there was Silverado. The name had already pleased me; the high

station pleased me still more. I began to inquire with some eagerness. It was but a little while ago that

Silverado was a great place. The mine a silver mine, of course had promised great things. There was quite

a lively population, with several hotels and boardinghouses; and Kelmar himself had opened a branch store,

and done extremely well "Ain't it?" he said, appealing to his wife. And she said, "Yes; extremely well."

Now there was no one living in the town but Rufe the hunter; and once more I heard Rufe's praises by the

I could not help perceiving at the time that there was something underneath; that no unmixed desire to have

us comfortably settled had inspired the Kelmars with this flow of words. But I was impatient to be gone, to be

about my kingly project; and when we were offered seats in Kelmar's waggon, I accepted on the spot. The

plan of their next Sunday's outing took them, by good fortune, over the border into Lake County. They would

carry us so far, drop us at the Toll House, present us to the Hansons, and call for us again on Monday

WE were to leave by six precisely; that was solemnly pledged on both sides; and a messenger came to us the

last thing at night, to remind us of the hour. But it was eight before we got clear of Calistoga: Kelmar, Mrs.

Kelmar, a friend of theirs whom we named Abramina, her little daughter, my wife, myself, and, stowed away

behind us, a cluster of ship's coffeekettles. These last were highly ornamental in the sheen of their bright tin,

but I could invent no reason for their presence. Our carriageful reckoned up, as near as we could get at it,

some three hundred years to the six of us. Four of the six, besides, were Hebrews. But I never, in all my life,

was conscious of so strong an atmosphere of holiday. No word was spoken but of pleasure; and even when

The sun shone out of a cloudless sky. Close at the zenith rode the belated moon, still clearly visible, and,

along one margin, even bright. The wind blew a gale from the north; the trees roared; the corn and the deep

grass in the valley fled in whitening surges; the dust towered into the air along the road and dispersed like the

smoke of battle. It was clear in our teeth from the first, and for all the windings of the road it managed to keep

For some two miles we rattled through the valley, skirting the eastern foothills; then we struck off to the

right, through haughland, and presently, crossing a dry water course, entered the Toll road, or, to be more

local, entered on "the grade." The road mounts the near shoulder of Mount Saint Helena, bound northward

into Lake County. In one place it skirts along the edge of a narrow and deep canyon, filled with trees, and I

was glad, indeed, not to be driven at this point by the dashing Foss. Kelmar, with his unvarying smile,

jogging to the motion of the trap, drove for all the world like a good, plain, country clergyman at home; and I

Vineyards and deep meadows, islanded and framed with thicket, gave place more and more as we ascended

to woods of oak and madrona, dotted with enormous pines. It was these pines, as they shot above the lower

wood, that produced that pencilling of single trees I had so often remarked from the valley. Thence, looking

up and from however far, each fir stands separate against the sky no bigger than an eyelash; and all together

lend a quaint, fringed aspect to the hills. The oak is no baby; even the madrona, upon these spurs of Mount

Saint Helena, comes to a fine bulk and ranks with forest trees but the pines look down upon the rest for

underwood. As Mount Saint Helena among her foothills, so these dark giants outtop their

fellowvegetables. Alas! if they had left the redwoods, the pines, in turn, would have been dwarfed. But the

redwoods, fallen from their high estate, are serving as family bedsteads, or yet more humbly as field fences,

A rough smack of resin was in the air, and a crystal mountain purity. It came pouring over these green slopes

by the oceanful. The woods sang aloud, and gave largely of their healthful breath. Gladness seemed to inhabit

these upper zones, and we had left indifference behind us in the valley. "I to the hills lift mine eyes!" There

are days in a life when thus to climb out of the lowlands, seems like scaling heaven.

As we continued to ascend, the wind fell upon us with increasing strength. It was a wonder how the two stout

horses managed to pull us up that steep incline and still face the athletic opposition of the wind, or how their

great eyes were able to endure the dust. Ten minutes after we went by, a tree fell, blocking the road; and even

before us leaves were thickly strewn, and boughs had fallen, large enough to make the passage difficult. But

now we were hard by the summit. The road crosses the ridge, just in the nick that Kelmar showed me from

below, and then, without pause, plunges down a deep, thickly wooded glen on the farther side. At the highest

point a trail strikes up the main hill to the leftward; and that leads to Silverado. A hundred yards beyond, and

in a kind of elbow of the glen, stands the Toll House Hotel. We came up the one side, were caught upon the

summit by the whole weight of the wind as it poured over into Napa Valley, and a minute after had drawn up

A watertank, and stables, and a gray house of two stories, with gable ends and a verandah, are jammed hard

against the hillside, just where a stream has cut for itself a narrow canyon, filled with pines. The pines go

right up overhead; a little more and the stream might have played, like a fire hose, on the Toll House roof.

In front the ground drops as sharply as it rises behind. There is just room for the road and a sort of

promontory of croquet ground, and then you can lean over the edge and look deep below you through the

wood. I said croquet GROUND, not GREEN; for the surface was of brown, beaten earth. The tollbar itself

was the only other note of originality: a long beam, turning on a post, and kept slightly horizontal by a

counterweight of stones. Regularly about sundown this rude barrier was swung, like a derrick, across the road

On our arrival there followed a gay scene in the bar. I was presented to Mr. Corwin, the landlord; to Mr.

Jennings, the engineer, who lives there for his health; to Mr. Hoddy, a most pleasant little gentleman, once a

member of the Ohio legislature, again the editor of a local paper, and now, with undiminished dignity,

keeping the Toll House bar. I had a number of drinks and cigars bestowed on me, and enjoyed a famous

opportunity of seeing Kelmar in his glory, friendly, radiant, smiling, steadily edging one of the ship's kettles

Corwin, plainly aghast, resisted gallantly, and for that bout victory crowned his arms.

At last we set forth for Silverado on foot. Kelmar and his jolly Jew girls were full of the sentiment of Sunday

outings, breathed geniality and vagueness, and suffered a little vile boy from the hotel to lead them here and

there about the woods. For three people all so old, so bulky in body, and belonging to a race so venerable,

they could not but surprise us by their extreme and almost imbecile youthfulness of spirit. They were only

going to stay ten minutes at the Toll House; had they not twenty long miles of road before them on the other

side? Stay to dinner? Not they! Put up the horses? Never. Let us attach them to the verandah by a wisp of

straw rope, such as would not have held a person's hat on that blustering day. And with all these protestations

of hurry, they proved irresponsible like children. Kelmar himself, shrewd old Russian Jew, with a smirk that

seemed just to have concluded a bargain to its satisfaction, intrusted himself and us devoutly to that boy. Yet

the boy was patently fallacious; and for that matter a most unsympathetic urchin, raised apparently on

gingerbread. He was bent on his own pleasure, nothing else; and Kelmar followed him to his ruin, with the

same shrewd smirk. If the boy said there was "a hole there in the hill" a hole, pure and simple, neither more

nor less Kelmar and his Jew girls would follow him a hundred yards to look complacently down that hole.

For two hours we looked for houses; and for two hours they followed us, smelling trees, picking flowers,

foisting false botany on the unwary. Had we taken five, with that vile lad to head them off on idle

However, we came forth at length, and as by accident, upon a lawn, sparse planted like an orchard, but with

forest instead of fruit trees. That was the site of Silverado mining town. A piece of ground was levelled up,

where Kelmar's store had been; and facing that we saw Rufe Hanson's house, still bearing on its front the

legend SILVERADO HOTEL. Not another sign of habitation. Silverado town had all been carted from the

scene; one of the houses was now the schoolhouse far down the road; one was gone here, one there, but all

It was now a sylvan solitude, and the silence was unbroken but by the great, vague voice of the wind. Some

days before our visit, a grizzly bear had been sporting round the Hansons' chickenhouse.

Mrs. Hanson was at home alone, we found. Rufe had been out after a "bar," had risen late, and was now gone,

it did not clearly appear whither. Perhaps he had had wind of Kelmar's coming, and was now ensconced

among the underwood, or watching us from the shoulder of the mountain. We, hearing there were no houses

to be had, were for immediately giving up all hopes of Silverado. But this, somehow, was not to Kelmar's

fancy. He first proposed that we should "camp someveres around, ain't it?" waving his hand cheerily as

though to weave a spell; and when that was firmly rejected, he decided that we must take up house with the

Hansons. Mrs. Hanson had been, from the first, flustered, subdued, and a little pale; but from this proposition

she recoiled with haggard indignation. So did we, who would have preferred, in a manner of speaking, death.

But Kelmar was not to be put by. He edged Mrs. Hanson into a corner, where for a long time he threatened

her with his forefinger, like a character in Dickens; and the poor woman, driven to her entrenchments, at last

Thither we went; the Jews, who should already have been miles into Lake County, still cheerily

accompanying us. For about a furlong we followed a good road alone, the hillside through the forest, until

suddenly that road widened out and came abruptly to an end. A canyon, woody below, red, rocky, and naked

overhead, was here walled across by a dump of rolling stones, dangerously steep, and from twenty to thirty

feet in height. A rusty iron chute on wooden legs came flying, like a monstrous gargoyle, across the parapet.

It was down this that they poured the precious ore; and below here the carts stood to wait their lading, and

The whole canyon was so entirely blocked, as if by some rude guerilla fortification, that we could only mount

by lengths of wooden ladder, fixed in the hillside. These led us round the farther corner of the dump; and

when they were at an end, we still persevered over loose rubble and wading deep in poison oak, till we struck

a triangular platform, filling up the whole glen, and shut in on either hand by bold projections of the

mountain. Only in front the place was open like the proscenium of a theatre, and we looked forth into a great

realm of air, and down upon treetops and hilltops, and far and near on wild and varied country. The place still

stood as on the day it was deserted: a line of iron rails with a bifurcation; a truck in working order; a world of

lumber, old wood, old iron; a blacksmith's forge on one side, half buried in the leaves of dwarf madronas; and

Fanny and I dashed at the house. It consisted of three rooms, and was so plastered against the hill, that one

room was right atop of another, that the upper floor was more than twice as large as the lower, and that all

three apartments must be entered from a different side and level. Not a windowsash remained.

The door of the lower room was smashed, and one panel hung in splinters. We entered that, and found a fair

amount of rubbish: sand and gravel that had been sifted in there by the mountain winds; straw, sticks, and

stones; a table, a barrel; a platerack on the wall; two homemade bootjacks, signs of miners and their boots;

and a pair of papers pinned on the boarding, headed respectively "Funnel No. 1," and "Funnel No. 2," but

with the tails torn away. The window, sashless of course, was choked with the green and sweetly smelling

foliage of a bay; and through a chink in the floor, a spray of poison oak had shot up and was handsomely

prospering in the interior. It was my first care to cut away that poison oak, Fanny standing by at a respectful

The room immediately above could only be entered by a plank propped against the threshold, along which

the intruder must foot it gingerly, clutching for support to sprays of poison oak, the proper product of the

country. Herein was, on either hand, a triple tier of beds, where miners had once lain; and the other gable was

pierced by a sashless window and a doorless doorway opening on the air of heaven, five feet above the

ground. As for the third room, which entered squarely from the ground level, but higher up the hill and

farther up the canyon, it contained only rubbish and the uprights for another triple tier of beds.

The whole building was overhung by a bold, lionlike, red rock. Poison oak, sweet bay trees, calcanthus,

brush, and chaparral, grew freely but sparsely all about it. In front, in the strong sunshine, the platform lay

overstrewn with busy litter, as though the labours of the mine might begin again tomorrow in the morning.

Following back into the canyon, among the mass of rotting plant and through the flowering bushes, we came

to a great crazy staging, with a wry windless on the top; and clambering up, we could look into an open shaft,

leading edgeways down into the bowels of the mountain, trickling with water, and lit by some stray

sungleams, whence I know not. In that quiet place the still, faraway tinkle of the waterdrops was loudly

audible. Close by, another shaft led edgeways up into the superincumbent shoulder of the hill. It lay partly

open; and sixty or a hundred feet above our head, we could see the strata propped apart by solid wooden

wedges, and a pine, half undermined, precariously nodding on the verge. Here also a rugged, horizontal

tunnel ran straight into the unsunned bowels of the rock. This secure angle in the mountain's flank was, even

on this wild day, as still as my lady's chamber. But in the tunnel a cold, wet draught tempestuously blew. Nor

Such was our fist prospect of Juan Silverado. I own I had looked for something different: a clique of

neighbourly houses on a village green, we shall say, all empty to be sure, but swept and varnished; a trout

stream brawling by; great elms or chestnuts, humming with bees and nested in by songbirds; and the

mountains standing round about, as at Jerusalem. Here, mountain and house and the old tools of industry

were all alike rusty and downfalling. The hill was here wedged up, and there poured forth its bowels in a

spout of broken mineral; man with his picks and powder, and nature with her own great blasting tools of sun

and rain, labouring together at the ruin of that proud mountain. The view up the canyon was a glimpse of

devastation; dry red minerals sliding together, here and there a crag, here and there dwarf thicket clinging in

the general glissade, and over all a broken outline trenching on the blue of heaven. Downwards indeed, from

our rock eyrie, we behold the greener side of nature; and the bearing of the pines and the sweet smell of bays

and nutmegs commanded themselves gratefully to our senses. One way and another, now the die was cast.

After we had got back to the Toll House, the Jews were not long of striking forward. But I observed that one

of the Hanson lads came down, before their departure, and returned with a ship's kettle. Happy Hansons! Nor

was it until after Kelmar was gone, if I remember rightly, that Rufe put in an appearance to arrange the details

The latter part of the day, Fanny and I sat in the verandah of the Toll House, utterly stunned by the uproar of

the wind among the trees on the other side of the valley. Sometimes, we would have it it was like a sea, but it

was not various enough for that; and again, we thought it like the roar of a cataract, but it was too changeful

for the cataract; and then we would decide, speaking in sleepy voices, that it could be compared with nothing

but itself. My mind was entirely preoccupied by the noise. I hearkened to it by the hour, gapingly hearkened,

and let my cigarette go out. Sometimes the wind would make a sally nearer hand, and send a shrill, whistling

crash among the foliage on our side of the glen; and sometimes a backdraught would strike into the elbow

where we sat, and cast the gravel and torn leaves into our faces. But for the most part, this great, streaming

gale passed unweariedly by us into Napa Valley, not two hundred yards away, visible by the tossing boughs,

stunningly audible, and yet not moving a hair upon our heads. So it blew all night long while I was writing up

my journal, and after we were in bed, under a cloudless, starset heaven; and so it was blowing still next

It was a laughable thought to us, what had become of our cheerful, wandering Hebrews. We could not

suppose they had reached a destination. The meanest boy could lead them miles out of their way to see a

gopherhole. Boys, we felt to be their special danger; none others were of that exact pitch of cheerful

irrelevancy to exercise a kindred sway upon their minds: but before the attractions of a boy their most settled

resolutions would be war. We thought we could follow in fancy these three aged Hebrew truants wandering

in and out on hilltop and in thicket, a demon boy trotting far ahead, their willo'thewisp conductor; and at

last about midnight, the wind still roaring in the darkness, we had a vision of all three on their knees upon a

NEXT morning we were up by halfpast five, according to agreement, and it was ten by the clock before our

Jew boys returned to pick us up. Kelmar, Mrs. Kelmar, and Abramina, all smiling from ear to ear, and full of

tales of the hospitality they had found on the other side. It had not gone unrewarded; for I observed with

interest that the ship's kettles, all but one, had been "placed." Three Lake County families, at least, endowed

for life with a ship's kettle. Come, this was no misspent Sunday. The absence of the kettles told its own story:

our Jews said nothing about them; but, on the other hand, they said many kind and comely things about the

people they had met. The two women, in particular, had been charmed out of themselves by the sight of a

young girl surrounded by her admirers; all evening, it appeared, they had been triumphing together in the

girl's innocent successes, and to this natural and unselfish joy they gave expression in language that was

Take them for all in all, few people have done my heart more good; they seemed so thoroughly entitled to

happiness, and to enjoy it in so large a measure and so free from after thought; almost they persuaded me to

be a Jew. There was, indeed, a chink of money in their talk. They particularly commanded people who were

well to do. "HE don't care ain't it?" was their highest word of commendation to an individual fate; and here

I seem to grasp the root of their philosophy it was to be free from care, to be free to make these Sunday

wanderings, that they so eagerly pursued after wealth; and all this carefulness was to be careless. The fine,

good humour of all three seemed to declare they had attained their end. Yet there was the other side to it; and

No sooner had they returned, than the scene of yesterday began again. The horses were not even tied with a

straw rope this time it was not worth while; and Kelmar disappeared into the bar, leaving them under a tree

on the other side of the road. I had to devote myself. I stood under the shadow of that tree for, I suppose, hard

upon an hour, and had not the heart to be angry. Once some one remembered me, and brought me out half a

tumblerful of the playful, innocuous American cocktail. I drank it, and lo! veins of living fire ran down my

leg; and then a focus of conflagration remained seated in my stomach, not unpleasantly, for quarter of an

hour. I love these sweet, fiery pangs, but I will not court them. The bulk of the time I spent in repeating as

much French poetry as I could remember to the horses, who seemed to enjoy it hugely. And now it went

The redbreasts and the brooks of Europe, in that dry and songless land; brave old names and wars, strong

cities, cymbals, and bright armour, in that nook of the mountain, sacred only to the Indian and the bear! This

is still the strangest thing in all man's travelling, that he should carry about with him incongruous memories.

There is no foreign land; it is the traveller only that is foreign, and now and again, by a flash of recollection,

But while I was thus wandering in my fancy, great feats had been transacted in the bar. Corwin the bold had

fallen, Kelmar was again crowned with laurels, and the last of the ship's kettles had changed hands. If I had

ever doubted the purity of Kelmar's motives, if I had ever suspected him of a single eye to business in his

eternal dallyings, now at least, when the last kettle was disposed of, my suspicions must have been allayed. I

dare not guess how much more time was wasted; nor how often we drove off, merely to drive back again and

renew interrupted conversations about nothing, before the Toll House was fairly left behind. Alas! and not a

mile down the grade there stands a ranche in a sunny vineyard, and here we must all dismount again and

Only the old lady was at home, Mrs. Guele, a brown old Swiss dame, the picture of honesty; and with her we

drank a bottle of wine and had an agelong conversation, which would have been highly delightful if Fanny

and I had not been faint with hunger. The ladies each narrated the story of her marriage, our two Hebrews

with the prettiest combination of sentiment and financial bathos. Abramina, specially, endeared herself with

every word. She was as simple, natural, and engaging as a kid that should have been brought up to the

business of a moneychanger. One touch was so resplendently Hebraic that I cannot pass it over. When her

"old man" wrote home for her from America, her old man's family would not intrust her with the money for

the passage, till she had bound herself by an oath on her knees, I think she said not to employ it

Mrs. Guele told of her homesickness up here in the long winters; of her honest, countrywoman troubles

and alarms upon the journey; how in the bank at Frankfort she had feared lest the banker, after having taken

her cheque, should deny all knowledge of it a fear I have myself every time I go to a bank; and how

crossing the Luneburger Heath, an old lady, witnessing her trouble and finding whither she was bound, had

given her "the blessing of a person eighty years old, which would be sure to bring her safely to the States.

At length we got out of the house, and some of us into the trap, when judgment of Heaven! here came

Mr. Guele from his vineyard. So another quarter of an hour went by; till at length, at our earnest pleading, we

set forth again in earnest, Fanny and I whitefaced and silent, but the Jews still smiling. The heart fails me.

There was yet another stoppage! And we drove at last into Calistoga past two in the afternoon, Fanny and I

having breakfasted at six in the morning, eight mortal hours before. We were a pallid couple; but still the

So ended our excursion with the village usurers; and, now that it was done, we had no more idea of the nature

of the business, nor of the part we had been playing in it, than the child unborn. That all the people we had

met were the slaves of Kelmar, though in various degrees of servitude; that we ourselves had been sent up the

mountain in the interests of none but Kelmar; that the money we laid out, dollar by dollar, cent by cent, and

through the hands of various intermediaries, should all hop ultimately into Kelmar's till; these were facts

that we only grew to recognize in the course of time and by the accumulation of evidence. At length all doubt

was quieted, when one of the kettleholders confessed. Stopping his trap in the moonlight, a little way out of

Calistoga, he told me, in so many words, that he dare not show face therewith an empty pocket. "You see, I

don't mind if it was only five dollars, Mr. Stevens," he said, "but I must give Mr. Kelmar SOMETHING."

Even now, when the whole tyranny is plain to me, I cannot find it in my heart to be as angry as perhaps I

should be with the Hebrew tyrant. The whole game of business is beggar my neighbour; and though perhaps

that game looks uglier when played at such close quarters and on so small a scale, it is none the more

intrinsically inhumane for that. The village usurer is not so sad a feature of humanity and human progress as

the millionaire manufacturer, fattening on the toil and loss of thousands, and yet declaiming from the

platform against the greed and dishonesty of landlords. If it were fair for Cobden to buy up land from owners

whom he thought unconscious of its proper value, it was fair enough for my Russian Jew to give credit to his

farmers. Kelmar, if he was unconscious of the beam in his own eye, was at least silent in the matter of his

THERE were four of us squatters myself and my wife, the King and Queen of Silverado; Sam, the Crown

Prince; and Chuchu, the Grand Duke. Chuchu, a setter crossed with spaniel, was the most unsuited for a

rough life. He had been nurtured tenderly in the society of ladies; his heart was large and soft; he regarded the

sofacushion as a bedrook necessary of existence. Though about the size of a sheep, he loved to sit in ladies'

laps; he never said a bad word in all his blameless days; and if he had seen a flute, I am sure he could have

played upon it by nature. It may seem hard to say it of a dog, but Chuchu was a tame cat.

The king and queen, the grand duke, and a basket of cold provender for immediate use, set forth from

Calistoga in a double buggy; the crown prince, on horseback, led the way like an outrider. Bags and boxes

It was a beautiful still day; the sky was one field of azure. Not a leaf moved, not a speck appeared in heaven.

Only from the summit of the mountain one little snowy wisp of cloud after another kept detaching itself, like

smoke from a volcano, and blowing southward in some high stream of air: Mount Saint Helena still at her

By noon we had come in sight of the mill: a great brown building, halfway up the hill, big as a factory, two

stories high, and with tanks and ladders along the roof; which, as a pendicle of Silverado mine, we held to be

an outlying province of our own. Thither, then, we went, crossing the valley by a grassy trail; and there

lunched out of the basket, sitting in a kind of portico, and wondering, while we ate, at this great bulk of

useless building. Through a chink we could look far down into the interior, and see sunbeams floating in the

dust and striking on tier after tier of silent, rusty machinery. It cost six thousand dollars, twelve hundred

English sovereigns; and now, here it stands deserted, like the temple of a forgotten religion, the busy millers

toiling somewhere else. All the time we were there, mill and mill town showed no sign of life; that part of the

mountainside, which is very open and green, was tenanted by no living creature but ourselves and the

insects; and nothing stirred but the cloud manufactory upon the mountain summit. It was odd to compare this

with the former days, when the engine was in fall blast, the mill palpitating to its strokes, and the carts came

By two we had been landed at the mine, the buggy was gone again, and we were left to our own reflections

and the basket of cold provender, until Hanson should arrive. Hot as it was by the sun, there was something

chill in such a homecoming, in that world of wreck and rust, splinter and rolling gravel, where for so many

Silverado platform filled the whole width of the canyon. Above, as I have said, this was a wild, red, stony

gully in the mountains; but below it was a wooded dingle. And through this, I was told, there had gone a path

between the mine and the Toll House our natural northwest passage to civilization. I found and followed

it, clearing my way as I went through fallen branches and dead trees. It went straight down that steep canyon,

till it brought you out abruptly over the roofs of the hotel. There was nowhere any break in the descent. It

almost seemed as if, were you to drop a stone down the old iron chute at our platform, it would never rest

until it hopped upon the Toll House shingles. Signs were not wanting of the ancient greatness of Silverado.

The footpath was well marked, and had been well trodden in the old clays by thirsty miners. And far down,

buried in foliage, deep out of sight of Silverado, I came on a last outpost of the mine a mound of gravel,

some wreck of wooden aqueduct, and the mouth of a tunnel, like a treasure grotto in a fairy story. A stream of

water, fed by the invisible leakage from our shaft, and dyed red with cinnabar or iron, ran trippingly forth out

of the bowels of the cave; and, looking far under the arch, I could see something like an iron lantern fastened

on the rocky wall. It was a promising spot for the imagination. No boy could have left it unexplored.

The stream thenceforward stole along the bottom of the dingle, and made, for that dry land, a pleasant

warbling in the leaves. Once, I suppose, it ran splashing down the whole length of the canyon, but now its

head waters had been tapped by the shaft at Silverado, and for a great part of its course it wandered sunless

among the joints of the mountain. No wonder that it should better its pace when it sees, far before it, daylight

whitening in the arch, or that it should come trotting forth into the sunlight with a song.

The two stages had gone by when I got down, and the Toll House stood, dozing in sun and dust and silence,

like a place enchanted. My mission was after hay for bedding, and that I was readily promised. But when I

mentioned that we were waiting for Rufe, the people shook their heads. Rufe was not a regular man any way,

it seemed; and if he got playing poker Well, poker was too many for Rufe. I had not yet heard them

bracketted together; but it seemed a natural conjunction, and commended itself swiftly to my fears; and as

soon as I returned to Silverado and had told my story, we practically gave Hanson up, and set ourselves to do

The lower room had been the assayer's office. The floor was thick with DEBRIS part human, from the

former occupants; part natural, sifted in by mountain winds. In a sea of red dust there swam or floated sticks,

boards, hay, straw, stones, and paper; ancient newspapers, above all for the newspaper, especially when

torn, soon becomes an antiquity and bills of the Silverado boardinghouse, some dated Silverado, some

Calistoga Mine. Here is one, verbatim; and if any one can calculate the scale of charges, he has my envious

Calistoga Mine, May 3rd, 1875. John Stanley To S. Chapman, Cr. To board from April 1st, to April 30 $25

Where is John Stanley mining now? Where is S. Chapman, within whose hospitable walls we were to lodge?

The date was but five years old, but in that time the world had changed for Silverado; like Palmyra in the

desert, it had outlived its people and its purpose; we camped, like Layard, amid ruins, and these names spoke

to us of prehistoric time. A bootjack, a pair of boots, a doghutch, and these bills of Mr. Chapman's were

the only speaking relics that we disinterred from all that vast Silverado rubbishheap; but what would I not

have given to unearth a letter, a pocket book, a diary, only a ledger, or a roll of names, to take me back, in a

more personal manner, to the past? It pleases me, besides, to fancy that Stanley or Chapman, or one of their

companions, may light upon this chronicle, and be struck by the name, and read some news of their anterior

home, coming, as it were, out of a subsequent epoch of history in that quarter of the world.

As we were tumbling the mingled rubbish on the floor, kicking it with our feet, and groping for these written

evidences of the past, Sam, with a somewhat whitened face, produced a paper bag. "What's this?" said he. It

contained a granulated powder, something the colour of Gregory's Mixture, but rosier; and as there were

several of the bags, and each more or less broken, the powder was spread widely on the floor. Had any of us

ever seen giant powder? No, nobody had; and instantly there grew up in my mind a shadowy belief, verging

with every moment nearer to certitude, that I had somewhere heard somebody describe it as just such a

powder as the one around us. I have learnt since that it is a substance not unlike tallow, and is made up in

Fanny, to add to our happiness, told us a story of a gentleman who had camped one night, like ourselves, by a

deserted mine. He was a handy, thrifty fellow, and looked right and left for plunder, but all he could lay his

hands on was a can of oil. After dark he had to see to the horses with a lantern; and not to miss an

opportunity, filled up his lamp from the oil can. Thus equipped, he set forth into the forest. A little while

after, his friends heard a loud explosion; the mountain echoes bellowed, and then all was still. On

examination, the can proved to contain oil, with the trifling addition of nitroglycerine; but no research

It was a pretty sight, after this anecdote, to see us sweeping out the giant powder. It seemed never to be far

So much for the lower room. We scraped some of the rougher dirt off the floor, and left it. That was our

sittingroom and kitchen, though there was nothing to sit upon but the table, and no provision for a fire

except a hole in the roof of the room above, which had once contained the chimney of a stove.

To that upper room we now proceeded. There were the eighteen bunks in a double tier, nine on either hand,

where from eighteen to thirtysix miners had once snored together all night long, John Stanley, perhaps,

snoring loudest. There was the roof, with a hole in it through which the sun now shot an arrow. There was the

floor, in much the same state as the one below, though, perhaps, there was more hay, and certainly there was

the added ingredient of broken glass, the man who stole the windowframes having apparently made a

miscarriage with this one. Without a broom, without hay or bedding, we could but look about us with a

beginning of despair. The one bright arrow of day, in that gaunt and shattered barrack, made the rest look

Here, also, the handiwork of man lay ruined: but the plants were all alive and thriving; the view below was

fresh with the colours of nature; and we had exchanged a dim, human garret for a corner, even although it

were untidy, of the blue hall of heaven. Not a bird, not a beast, not a reptile. There was no noise in that part of

the world, save when we passed beside the staging, and heard the water musically falling in the shaft.

We wandered to and fro. We searched among that drift of lumberwood and iron, nails and rails, and sleepers

and the wheels of tracks. We gazed up the cleft into the bosom of the mountain. We sat by the margin of the

dump and saw, far below us, the green treetops standing still in the clear air. Beautiful perfumes, breaths of

bay, resin, and nutmeg, came to us more often and grew sweeter and sharper as the afternoon declined. But

I set to with pick and shovel, and deepened the pool behind the shaft, till we were sure of sufficient water for

the morning; and by the time I had finished, the sun had begun to go down behind the mountain shoulder, the

platform was plunged in quiet shadow, and a chill descended from the sky. Night began early in our cleft.

Before us, over the margin of the dump, we could see the sun still striking aslant into the wooded nick below,

There was no stove, of course, and no hearth in our lodging, so we betook ourselves to the blacksmith's forge

across the platform. If the platform be taken as a stage, and the out curving margin of the dump to represent

the line of the foot lights, then our house would be the first wing on the actor's left, and this blacksmith's

forge, although no match for it in size, the foremost on the right. It was a low, brown cottage, planted close

against the hill, and overhung by the foliage and peeling boughs of a madrona thicket. Within it was full of

dead leaves and mountain dust, and rubbish from the mine. But we soon had a good fire brightly blazing, and

sat close about it on impromptu seats. Chuchu, the slave of sofacushions, whimpered for a softer bed; but

the rest of us were greatly revived and comforted by that good creature fire, which gives us warmth and

light and companionable sounds, and colours up the emptiest building with better than frescoes. For a while it

was even pleasant in the forge, with the blaze in the midst, and a look over our shoulders on the woods and

It was between seven and eight before Hanson arrived, with a waggonful of our effects and two of his wife's

relatives to lend him a hand. The elder showed surprising strength. He would pick up a huge packingcase,

full of books of all things, swing it on his shoulder, and away up the two crazy ladders and the breakneck

spout of rolling mineral, familiarly termed a path, that led from the carttrack to our house. Even for a man

unburthened, the ascent was toilsome and precarious; but Irvine sealed it with a light foot, carrying box after

box, as the hero whisks the stage child up the practicable footway beside the waterfall of the fifth act. With so

strong a helper, the business was speedily transacted. Soon the assayer's office was thronged with our

belongings, piled higgledypiggledy, and upside down, about the floor. There were our boxes, indeed, but

my wife had left her keys in Calistoga. There was the stove, but, alas! our carriers had forgot the chimney,

and lost one of the plates along the road. The Silverado problem was scarce solved.

Rufe himself was grave and goodnatured over his share of blame; he even, if I remember right, expressed

regret. But his crew, to my astonishment and anger, grinned from ear to ear, and laughed aloud at our distress.

They thought it "real funny" about the stovepipe they had forgotten; "real funny" that they should have lost

a plate. As for hay, the whole party refused to bring us any till they should have supped. See how late they

were! Never had there been such a job as coming up that grade! Nor often, I suspect, such a game of poker as

that before they started. But about nine, as a particular favour, we should have some hay.

So they took their departure, leaving me still staring, and we resigned ourselves to wait for their return. The

fire in the forge had been suffered to go out, and we were one and all too weary to kindle another. We dined,

or, not to take that word in vain, we ate after a fashion, in the nightmare disorder of the assayer's office,

perched among boxes. A single candle lighted us. It could scarce be called a housewarming; for there was, of

course, no fire, and with the two open doors and the open window gaping on the night, like breaches in a

fortress, it began to grow rapidly chill. Talk ceased; nobody moved but the unhappy Chuchu, still in quest of

sofacushions, who tumbled complainingly among the trunks. It required a certain happiness of disposition to

look forward hopefully, from so dismal a beginning, across the brief hours of night, to the warm shining of

But the hay arrived at last, and we turned, with our last spark of courage, to the bedroom. We had improved

the entrance, but it was still a kind of ropewalking; and it would have been droll to see us mounting, one

The western door that which looked up the canyon, and through which we entered by our bridge of flying

plank was still entire, a handsome, panelled door, the most finished piece of carpentry in Silverado. And the

two lowest bunks next to this we roughly filled with hay for that night's use. Through the opposite, or

easternlooking gable, with its open door and window, a faint, disused starshine came into the room like

mist; and when we were once in bed, we lay, awaiting sleep, in a haunted, incomplete obscurity. At first the

silence of the night was utter. Then a high wind began in the distance among the treetops, and for hours

continued to grow higher. It seemed to me much such a wind as we had found on our visit; yet here in our

open chamber we were fanned only by gentle and refreshing draughts, so deep was the canyon, so close our

THERE is quite a large race or class of people in America, for whom we scarcely seem to have a parallel in

England. Of pure white blood, they are unknown or unrecognizable in towns; inhabit the fringe of settlements

and the deep, quiet places of the country; rebellious to all labour, and pettily thievish, like the English gipsies;

rustically ignorant, but with a touch of woodlore and the dexterity of the savage. Whence they came is a

moot point. At the time of the war, they poured north in crowds to escape the conscription; lived during

summer on fruits, wild animals, and petty theft; and at the approach of winter, when these supplies failed,

built great fires in the forest, and there died stoically by starvation. They are widely scattered, however, and

easily recognized. Loutish, but not illlooking, they will sit all day, swinging their legs on a field fence, the

mind seemingly as devoid of all reflection as a Suffolk peasant's, careless of politics, for the most part

incapable of reading, but with a rebellious vanity and a strong sense of independence. Hunting is their most

congenial business, or, if the occasion offers, a little amateur detection. In tracking a criminal, following a

particular horse along a beaten highway, and drawing inductions from a hair or a footprint, one of those

somnolent, grinning Hodges will suddenly display activity of body and finesse of mind. By their names ye

may know them, the women figuring as Loveina, Larsenia, Serena, Leanna, Orreana; the men answering to

Alvin, Alva, or Orion, pronounced Orrion, with the accent on the first. Whether they are indeed a race, or

whether this is the form of degeneracy common to all backwoodsmen, they are at least known by a generic

I will not say that the Hanson family was Poor White, because the name savours of offence; but I may go as

far as this they were, in many points, not unsimilar to the people usually socared. Rufe himself combined

two of the qualifications, for he was both a hunter and an amateur detective. It was he who pursued Russel

and Dollar, the robbers of the Lake Port stage, and captured them the very morning after the exploit, while

they were still sleeping in a hayfield. Russel, a drunken Scotch carpenter, was even an acquaintance of his

own, and he expressed much grave commiseration for his fate. In all that he said and did, Rufe was grave. I

never saw him hurried. When he spoke, he took out his pipe with ceremonial deliberation, looked east and

west, and then, in quiet tones and few words, stated his business or told his story. His gait was to match; it

would never have surprised you if, at any step, he had turned round and walked away again, so warily and

slowly, and with so much seeming hesitation did he go about. He lay long in bed in the morning rarely

indeed, rose before noon; he loved all games, from poker to clerical croquet; and in the Toll House croquet

ground I have seen him toiling at the latter with the devotion of a curate. He took an interest in education, was

an active member of the local schoolboard, and when I was there, he had recently lost the schoolhouse key.

His waggon was broken, but it never seemed to occur to him to mend it. Like all truly idle people, he had an

artistic eye. He chose the print stuff for his wife's dresses, and counselled her in the making of a patchwork

quilt, always, as she thought, wrongly, but to the more educated eye, always with bizarre and admirable taste

the taste of an Indian. With all this, he was a perfect, unoffending gentleman in word and act. Take his clay

pipe from him, and he was fit for any society but that of fools. Quiet as he was, there burned a deep,

permanent excitement in his dark blue eyes; and when this grave man smiled, it was like sunshine in a shady

Mrs. Hanson (NEE, if you please, Lovelands) was more commonplace than her lord. She was a comely

woman, too, plump, faircoloured, with wonderful white teeth; and in her print dresses (chosen by Rufe) and

with a large sunbonnet shading her valued complexion, made, I assure you, a very agreeable figure. But she

was on the surface, what there was of her, outspoken and loudspoken. Her noisy laughter had none of the

charm of one of Hanson's rare, slowspreading smiles; there was no reticence, no mystery, no manner about

the woman: she was a firstclass dairymaid, but her husband was an unknown quantity between the savage

and the nobleman. She was often in and out with us, merry, and healthy, and fair; he came far seldomer

only, indeed, when there was business, or now and again, to pay a visit of ceremony, brushed up for the

occasion, with his wife on his arm, and a clean clay pipe in his teeth. These visits, in our forest state, had

Such was the pair who ruled in the old Silverado Hotel, among the windy trees, on the mountain shoulder

overlooking the whole length of Napa Valley, as the man aloft looks down on the ship's deck. There they kept

house, with sundry horses and fowls, and a family of sons, Daniel Webster, and I think George Washington,

among the number. Nor did they want visitors. An old gentleman, of singular stolidity, and called Breedlove

I think he had crossed the plains in the same caravan with Rufe housed with them for awhile during our

stay; and they had besides a permanent lodger, in the form of Mrs. Hanson's brother, Irvine Lovelands. I spell

Irvine by guess; for I could get no information on the subject, just as I could never find out, in spite of many

inquiries, whether or not Rufe was a contraction for Rufus. They were all cheerfully at sea about their names

in that generation. And this is surely the more notable where the names are all so strange, and even the family

names appear to have been coined. At one time, at least, the ancestors of all these Alvins and Alvas,

Loveinas, Lovelands, and Breedloves, must have taken serious council and found a certain poetry in these

denominations; that must have been, then, their form of literature. But still times change; and their next

descendants, the George Washingtons and Daniel Websters, will at least be clear upon the point. And

anyway, and however his name should be spelt, this Irvine Lovelands was the most unmitigated Caliban I

Our very first morning at Silverado, when we were full of business, patching up doors and windows, making

beds and seats, and getting our rough lodging into shape, Irvine and his sister made their appearance together,

she for neighbourliness and general curiosity; he, because he was working for me, to my sorrow, cutting

firewood at I forget how much a day. The way that he set about cutting wood was characteristic. We were at

that moment patching up and unpacking in the kitchen. Down he sat on one side, and down sat his sister on

the other. Both were chewing pinetree gum, and he, to my annoyance, accompanied that simple pleasure

with profuse expectoration. She rattled away, talking up hill and down dale, laughing, tossing her head,

showing her brilliant teeth. He looked on in silence, now spitting heavily on the floor, now putting his head

back and uttering a loud, discordant, joyless laugh. He had a tangle of shock hair, the colour of wool; his

mouth was a grin; although as strong as a horse, he looked neither heavy nor yet adroit, only leggy, coltish,

and in the road. But it was plain he was in high spirits, thoroughly enjoying his visit; and he laughed frankly

whenever we failed to accomplish what we were about. This was scarcely helpful: it was even, to amateur

carpenters, embarrassing; but it lasted until we knocked off work and began to get dinner. Then Mrs. Hanson

remembered she should have been gone an hour ago; and the pair retired, and the lady's laughter died away

among the nutmegs down the path. That was Irvine's first day's work in my employment the devil take him!

The next morning he returned and, as he was this time alone, he bestowed his conversation upon us with great

liberality. He prided himself on his intelligence; asked us if we knew the school ma'am. HE didn't think much

of her, anyway. He had tried her, he had. He had put a question to her. If a tree a hundred feet high were to

fall a foot a day, how long would it take to fall right down? She had not been able to solve the problem. "She

don't know nothing," he opined. He told us how a friend of his kept a school with a revolver, and chuckled

mightily over that; his friend could teach school, he could. All the time he kept chewing gum and spitting. He

would stand a while looking down; and then he would toss back his shock of hair, and laugh hoarsely, and

spit, and bring forward a new subject. A man, he told us, who bore a grudge against him, had poisoned his

dog. "That was a low thing for a man to do now, wasn't it? It wasn't like a man, that, nohow. But I got even

with him: I pisoned HIS dog." His clumsy utterance, his rude embarrassed manner, set a fresh value on the

stupidity of his remarks. I do not think I ever appreciated the meaning of two words until I knew Irvine the

verb, loaf, and the noun, oaf; between them, they complete his portrait. He could lounge, and wriggle, and rub

himself against the wall, and grin, and be more in everybody's way than any other two people that I ever set

my eyes on. Nothing that he did became him; and yet you were conscious that he was one of your own race,

that his mind was cumbrously at work, revolving the problem of existence like a quid of gum, and in his own

cloudy manner enjoying life, and passing judgment on his fellows. Above all things, he was delighted with

himself. You would not have thought it, from his uneasy manners and troubled, struggling utterance; but he

His selfesteem was, indeed, the one joint in his harness. He could be got to work, and even kept at work, by

flattery. As long as my wife stood over him, crying out how strong he was, so long exactly he would stick to

the matter in hand; and the moment she turned her back, or ceased to praise him, he would stop. His physical

strength was wonderful; and to have a woman stand by and admire his achievements, warmed his heart like

sunshine. Yet he was as cowardly as he was powerful, and felt no shame in owning to the weakness.

Something was once wanted from the crazy platform over the shaft, and he at once refused to venture there

"did not like," as he said, "foolen' round them kind o' places," and let my wife go instead of him, looking on

with a grin. Vanity, where it rules, is usually more heroic: but Irvine steadily approved himself, and expected

others to approve him; rather looked down upon my wife, and decidedly expected her to look up to him, on

Yet the strangest part of the whole matter was perhaps this, that Irvine was as beautiful as a statue. His

features were, in themselves, perfect; it was only his cloudy, uncouth, and coarse expression that disfigured

them. So much strength residing in so spare a frame was proof sufficient of the accuracy of his shape. He

must have been built somewhat after the pattern of Jack Sheppard; but the famous housebreaker, we may be

certain, was no lout. It was by the extraordinary powers of his mind no less than by the vigour of his body,

that he broke his strong prison with such imperfect implements, turning the very obstacles to service. Irvine,

in the same case, would have sat down and spat, and grumbled curses. He had the soul of a fat sheep, but,

regarded as an artist's model, the exterior of a Greek God. It was a cruel thought to persons less favoured in

their birth, that this creature, endowed to use the language of theatres with extraordinary "means," should

so manage to misemploy them that he looked ugly and almost deformed. It was only by an effort of

By playing on the oaf's conceit, and standing closely over him, we got a path made round the corner of the

dump to our door, so that we could come and go with decent ease; and he even enjoyed the work, for in that

there were boulders to be plucked up bodily, bushes to be uprooted, and other occasions for athletic display:

but cutting wood was a different matter. Anybody could cut wood; and, besides, my wife was tired of

supervising him, and had other things to attend to. And, in short, days went by, and Irvine came daily, and

talked and lounged and spat; but the firewood remained intact as sleepers on the platform or growing trees

upon the mountainside. Irvine, as a woodcutter, we could tolerate; but Irvine as a friend of the family, at so

much a day, was too bald an imposition, and at length, on the afternoon of the fourth or fifth day of our

connection, I explained to him, as clearly as I could, the light in which I had grown to regard his presence. I

pointed out to him that I could not continue to give him a salary for spitting on the floor; and this expression,

which came after a good many others, at last penetrated his obdurate wits. He rose at once, and said if that

was the way he was going to be spoke to, he reckoned he would quit. And, no one interposing, he departed.

So far, so good. But we had no firewood. The next afternoon, I strolled down to Rufe's and consulted him on

the subject. It was a very droll interview, in the large, bare north room of the Silverado Hotel, Mrs. Hanson's

patchwork on a frame, and Rufe, and his wife, and I, and the oaf himself, all more or less embarrassed. Rufe

announced there was nobody in the neighbourhood but Irvine who could do a day's work for anybody. Irvine,

thereupon, refused to have any more to do with my service; he "wouldn't work no more for a man as had

spoke to him's I had done." I found myself on the point of the last humiliation driven to beseech the

creature whom I had just dismissed with insult: but I took the high hand in despair, said there must be no talk

of Irvine coming back unless matters were to be differently managed; that I would rather chop firewood for

myself than be fooled; and, in short, the Hansons being eager for the lad's hire, I so imposed upon them with

merely affected resolution, that they ended by begging me to reemploy him again, on a solemn promise that

he should be more industrious. The promise, I am bound to say, was kept. We soon had a fine pile of

firewood at our door; and if Caliban gave me the cold shoulder and spared me his conversation, I thought

none the worse of him for that, nor did I find my days much longer for the deprivation.

The leading spirit of the family was, I am inclined to fancy, Mrs. Hanson. Her social brilliancy somewhat

dazzled the others, and she had more of the small change of sense. It was she who faced Kelmar, for instance;

and perhaps, if she had been alone, Kelmar would have had no rule within her doors. Rufe, to be sure, had a

fine, sober, openair attitude of mind, seeing the world without exaggeration perhaps, we may even say,

without enough; for he lacked, along with the others, that commercial idealism which puts so high a value on

time and money. Sanity itself is a kind of convention. Perhaps Rufe was wrong; but, looking on life plainly,

he was unable to perceive that croquet or poker were in any way less important than, for instance, mending

his waggon. Even his own profession, hunting, was dear to him mainly as a sort of play; even that he would

have neglected, had it not appealed to his imagination. His huntingsuit, for instance, had cost I should be

afraid to say how many bucks the currency in which he paid his way: it was all befringed, after the Indian

fashion, and it was dear to his heart. The pictorial side of his daily business was never forgotten. He was even

anxious to stand for his picture in those buckskin hunting clothes; and I remember how he once warmed

almost into enthusiasm, his dark blue eyes growing perceptibly larger, as he planned the composition in

which he should appear, "with the horns of some real big bucks, and dogs, and a camp on a crick" (creek,

There was no trace in Irvine of this woodland poetry. He did not care for hunting, nor yet for buckskin suits.

He had never observed scenery. The world, as it appeared to him, was almost obliterated by his own great

grinning figure in the foreground: Caliban Malvolio. And it seems to me as if, in the persons of these

brothersinlaw, we had the two sides of rusticity fairly well represented: the hunter living really in nature;

the clodhopper living merely out of society: the one bent up in every corporal agent to capacity in one

pursuit, doing at least one thing keenly and thoughtfully, and thoroughly alive to all that touches it; the other

in the inert and bestial state, walking in a faint dream, and taking so dim an impression of the myriad sides of

life that he is truly conscious of nothing but himself. It is only in the fastnesses of nature, forests, mountains,

and the back of man's beyond, that a creature endowed with five senses can grow up into the perfection of

this crass and earthy vanity. In towns or the busier country sides, he is roughly reminded of other men's

existence; and if he learns no more, he learns at least to fear contempt. But Irvine had come scatheless

through life, conscious only of himself, of his great strength and intelligence; and in the silence of the

universe, to which he did not listen, dwelling with delight on the sound of his own thoughts.

A CHANGE in the colour of the light usually called me in the morning. By a certain hour, the long, vertical

chinks in our western gable, where the boards had shrunk and separated, flashed suddenly into my eyes as

stripes of dazzling blue, at once so dark and splendid that I used to marvel how the qualities could be

combined. At an earlier hour, the heavens in that quarter were still quietly coloured, but the shoulder of the

mountain which shuts in the canyon already glowed with sunlight in a wonderful compound of gold and rose

and green; and this too would kindle, although more mildly and with rainbow tints, the fissures of our crazy

gable. If I were sleeping heavily, it was the bold blue that struck me awake; if more lightly, then I would

One Sunday morning, about five, the first brightness called me. I rose and turned to the east, not for my

devotions, but for air. The night had been very still. The little private gale that blew every evening in our

canyon, for ten minutes or perhaps a quarter of an hour, had swiftly blown itself out; in the hours that

followed not a sigh of wind had shaken the treetops; and our barrack, for all its breaches, was less fresh that

morning than of wont. But I had no sooner reached the window than I forgot all else in the sight that met my

eyes, and I made but two bounds into my clothes, and down the crazy plank to the platform.

The sun was still concealed below the opposite hilltops, though it was shining already, not twenty feet above

my head, on our own mountain slope. But the scene, beyond a few near features, was entirely changed. Napa

valley was gone; gone were all the lower slopes and woody foothills of the range; and in their place, not a

thousand feet below me, rolled a great level ocean. It was as though I had gone to bed the night before, safe in

a nook of inland mountains, and had awakened in a bay upon the coast. I had seen these inundations from

below; at Calistoga I had risen and gone abroad in the early morning, coughing and sneezing, under fathoms

on fathoms of gray sea vapour, like a cloudy sky a dull sight for the artist, and a painful experience for the

invalid. But to sit aloft one's self in the pure air and under the unclouded dome of heaven, and thus look down

on the submergence of the valley, was strangely different and even delightful to the eyes. Far away were

hilltops like little islands. Nearer, a smoky surf beat about the foot of precipices and poured into all the coves

of these rough mountains. The colour of that fog ocean was a thing never to be forgotten. For an instant,

among the Hebrides and just about sundown, I have seen something like it on the sea itself. But the white was

not so opaline; nor was there, what surprisingly increased the effect, that breathless, crystal stillness over all.

Even in its gentlest moods the salt sea travails, moaning among the weeds or lisping on the sand; but that vast

fog ocean lay in a trance of silence, nor did the sweet air of the morning tremble with a sound.

As I continued to sit upon the dump, I began to observe that this sea was not so level as at first sight it

appeared to be. Away in the extreme south, a little hill of fog arose against the sky above the general surface,

and as it had already caught the sun, it shone on the horizon like the topsails of some giant ship. There were

huge waves, stationary, as it seemed, like waves in a frozen sea; and yet, as I looked again, I was not sure but

they were moving after all, with a slow and august advance. And while I was yet doubting, a promontory of

the some four or five miles away, conspicuous by a bouquet of tall pines, was in a single instant overtaken

and swallowed up. It reappeared in a little, with its pines, but this time as an islet, and only to be swallowed

up once more and then for good. This set me looking nearer, and I saw that in every cove along the line of

mountains the fog was being piled in higher and higher, as though by some wind that was inaudible to me. I

could trace its progress, one pine tree first growing hazy and then disappearing after another; although

sometimes there was none of this forerunning haze, but the whole opaque white ocean gave a start and

swallowed a piece of mountain at a gulp. It was to flee these poisonous fogs that I had left the seaboard, and

climbed so high among the mountains. And now, behold, here came the fog to besiege me in my chosen

The sun had now gotten much higher, and through all the gaps of the hills it cast long bars of gold across that

white ocean. An eagle, or some other very great bird of the mountain, came wheeling over the nearer

pinetops, and hung, poised and something sideways, as if to look abroad on that unwonted desolation,

spying, perhaps with terror, for the eyries of her comrades. Then, with a long cry, she disappeared again

towards Lake County and the clearer air. At length it seemed to me as if the flood were beginning to subside.

The old landmarks, by whose disappearance I had measured its advance, here a crag, there a brave pine tree,

now began, in the inverse order, to make their reappearance into daylight. I judged all danger of the fog was

over. This was not Noah's flood; it was but a morning spring, and would now drift out seaward whence it

came. So, mightily relieved, and a good deal exhilarated by the sight, I went into the house to light the fire.

I suppose it was nearly seven when I once more mounted the platform to look abroad. The fog ocean had

swelled up enormously since last I saw it; and a few hundred feet below me, in the deep gap where the Toll

House stands and the road runs through into Lake County, it had already topped the slope, and was pouring

over and down the other side like driving smoke. The wind had climbed along with it; and though I was still

in calm air, I could see the trees tossing below me, and their long, strident sighing mounted to me where I

Half an hour later, the fog had surmounted all the ridge on the opposite side of the gap, though a shoulder of

the mountain still warded it out of our canyon. Napa valley and its bounding hills were now utterly blotted

out. The fog, sunny white in the sunshine, was pouring over into Lake County in a huge, ragged cataract,

tossing treetops appearing and disappearing in the spray. The air struck with a little chill, and set me

coughing. It smelt strong of the fog, like the smell of a washinghouse, but with a shrewd tang of the sea salt.

Had it not been for two things the sheltering spur which answered as a dyke, and the great valley on the

other side which rapidly engulfed whatever mounted our own little platform in the canyon must have been

already buried a hundred feet in salt and poisonous air. As it was, the interest of the scene entirely occupied

our minds. We were set just out of the wind, and but just above the fog; we could listen to the voice of the

one as to music on the stage; we could plunge our eyes down into the other, as into some flowing stream from

over the parapet of a bridge; thus we looked on upon a strange, impetuous, silent, shifting exhibition of the

powers of nature, and saw the familiar landscape changing from moment to moment like figures in a dream.

The imagination loves to trifle with what is not. Had this been indeed the deluge, I should have felt more

strongly, but the emotion would have been similar in kind. I played with the idea, as the child flees in

delighted terror from the creations of his fancy. The look of the thing helped me. And when at last I began to

flee up the mountain, it was indeed partly to escape from the raw air that kept me coughing, but it was also

As I ascended the mountainside, I came once more to overlook the upper surface of the fog; but it wore a

different appearance from what I had beheld at daybreak. For, first, the sun now fell on it from high overhead,

and its surface shone and undulated like a great nor'land moor country, sheeted with untrodden morning

snow. And next the new level must have been a thousand or fifteen hundred feet higher than the old, so that

only five or six points of all the broken country below me, still stood out. Napa valley was now one with

Sonoma on the west. On the hither side, only a thin scattered fringe of bluffs was unsubmerged; and through

all the gaps the fog was pouring over, like an ocean, into the blue clear sunny country on the east. There it

was soon lost; for it fell instantly into the bottom of the valleys, following the watershed; and the hilltops in

Through the Toll House gap and over the near ridges on the other side, the deluge was immense. A spray of

thin vapour was thrown high above it, rising and falling, and blown into fantastic shapes. The speed of its

course was like a mountain torrent. Here and there a few treetops were discovered and then whelmed again;

and for one second, the bough of a dead pine beckoned out of the spray like the arm of a drowning man. But

still the imagination was dissatisfied, still the ear waited for something more. Had this indeed been water (as

it seemed so, to the eye), with what a plunge of reverberating thunder would it have rolled upon its course,

disembowelling mountains and deracinating pines! And yet water it was, and seawater at that true Pacific

I climbed still higher, among the red rattling gravel and dwarf underwood of Mount Saint Helena, until I

could look right down upon Silverado, and admire the favoured nook in which it lay. The sunny plain of fog

was several hundred feet higher; behind the protecting spur a gigantic accumulation of cottony vapour

threatened, with every second, to blow over and submerge our homestead; but the vortex setting past the Toll

House was too strong; and there lay our little platform, in the arms of the deluge, but still enjoying its

unbroken sunshine. About eleven, however, thin spray came flying over the friendly buttress, and I began to

think the fog had hunted out its Jonah after all. But it was the last effort. The wind veered while we were at

dinner, and began to blow squally from the mountain summit; and by halfpast one, all that world of

seafogs was utterly routed and flying here and there into the south in little rags of cloud. And instead of a

lone seabeach, we found ourselves once more inhabiting a high mountainside, with the clear green country

This was the great Russian campaign for that season. Now and then, in the early morning, a little white

lakelet of fog would be seen far down in Napa Valley; but the heights were not again assailed, nor was the

THE Toll House, standing alone by the wayside under nodding pines, with its streamlet and watertank; its

backwoods, tollbar, and well trodden croquet ground; the ostler standing by the stable door, chewing a

straw; a glimpse of the Chinese cook in the back parts; and Mr. Hoddy in the bar, gravely alert and

serviceable, and equally anxious to lend or borrow books; dozed all day in the dusty sunshine, more than

half asleep. There were no neighbours, except the Hansons up the hill. The traffic on the road was

infinitesimal; only, at rare intervals, a couple in a waggon, or a dusty farmer on a springboard, toiling over

"the grade" to that metropolitan hamlet, Calistoga; and, at the fixed hours, the passage of the stages.

The nearest building was the schoolhouse, down the road; and the schoolma'am boarded at the Toll House,

walking thence in the morning to the little brown shanty, where she taught the young ones of the district, and

returning thither pretty weary in the afternoon. She had chosen this outlying situation, I understood, for her

health. Mr. Corwin was consumptive; so was Rufe; so was Mr. Jennings, the engineer. In short, the place was

a kind of small Davos: consumptive folk consorting on a hilltop in the most unbroken idleness. Jennings

never did anything that I could see, except now and then to fish, and generally to sit about in the bar and the

verandah, waiting for something to happen. Corwin and Rufe did as little as possible; and if the

schoolma'am, poor lady, had to work pretty hard all morning, she subsided when it was over into much the

Her special corner was the parlour a very genteel room, with Bible prints, a crayon portrait of Mrs. Corwin

in the height of fashion, a few years ago, another of her son (Mr. Corwin was not represented), a mirror, and a

selection of dried grasses. A large book was laid religiously on the table "From Palace to Hovel," I believe,

its name full of the raciest experiences in England. The author had mingled freely with all classes, the

nobility particularly meeting him with open arms; and I must say that traveller had ill requited his reception.

His book, in short, was a capital instance of the Penny Messalina school of literature; and there arose from it,

in that cool parlour, in that silent, wayside, mountain inn, a rank atmosphere of gold and blood and "Jenkins,"

and the "Mysteries of London," and sickening, inverted snobbery, fit to knock you down. The mention of this

book reminds me of another and far racier picture of our island life. The latter parts of ROCAMBOLE are

surely too sparingly consulted in the country which they celebrate. No man's education can be said to be

complete, nor can he pronounce the world yet emptied of enjoyment, till he has made the acquaintance of

"the Reverend Patterson, director of the Evangelical Society." To follow the evolutions of that reverend

gentleman, who goes through scenes in which even Mr. Duffield would hesitate to place a bishop, is to rise to

new ideas. But, alas! there was no Patterson about the Toll House. Only, alongside of "From Palace to

Hovel," a sixpenny "Ouida" figured. So literature, you see, was not unrepresented.

The schoolma'am had friends to stay with her, other school ma'ams enjoying their holidays, quite a bevy of

damsels. They seemed never to go out, or not beyond the verandah, but sat close in the little parlour, quietly

talking or listening to the wind among the trees. Sleep dwelt in the Toll House, like a fixture: summer sleep,

shallow, soft, and dreamless. A cuckooclock, a great rarity in such a place, hooted at intervals about the

echoing house; and Mr. Jenning would open his eyes for a moment in the bar, and turn the leaf of a

newspaper, and the resting schoolma'ams in the parlour would be recalled to the consciousness of their

inaction. Busy Mrs. Corwin and her busy Chinaman might be heard indeed, in the penetralia, pounding dough

or rattling dishes; or perhaps Rufe had called up some of the sleepers for a game of croquet, and the hollow

strokes of the mallet sounded far away among the woods: but with these exceptions, it was sleep and sunshine

A little before stage time, that castle of indolence awoke. The ostler threw his straw away and set to his

preparations. Mr. Jennings rubbed his eyes; happy Mr. Jennings, the something he had been waiting for all

day about to happen at last! The boarders gathered in the verandah, silently giving ear, and gazing down the

road with shaded eyes. And as yet there was no sign for the senses, not a sound, not a tremor of the mountain

road. The birds, to whom the secret of the hooting cuckoo is unknown, must have set down to instinct this

And then the first of the two stages swooped upon the Toll House with a roar and in a cloud of dust; and the

shock had not yet time to subside, before the second was abreast of it. Huge concerns they were, wellhorsed

and loaded, the men in their shirtsleeves, the women swathed in veils, the long whip cracking like a pistol;

and as they charged upon that slumbering hostelry, each shepherding a dust storm, the dead place blossomed

into life and talk and clatter. This the Toll House? with its city throng, its jostling shoulders, its infinity of

instant business in the bar? The mind would not receive it! The heartfelt bustle of that hour is hardly credible;

the thrill of the great shower of letters from the postbag, the childish hope and interest with which one gazed

in all these strangers' eyes. They paused there but to pass: the blueclad Chinaboy, the San Francisco

magnate, the mystery in the dust coat, the secret memoirs in tweed, the ogling, wellshod lady with her troop

of girls; they did but flash and go; they were hulldown for us behind life's ocean, and we but hailed their

topsails on the line. Yet, out of our great solitude of four and twenty mountain hours, we thrilled to their

momentary presence gauged and divined them, loved and hated; and stood lightheaded in that storm of

human electricity. Yes, like Piccadilly circus, this is also one of life's crossingplaces. Here I beheld one

man, already famous or infamous, a centre of pistolshots: and another who, if not yet known to rumour, will

fill a column of the Sunday paper when he comes to hang a burly, thick set, powerful Chinese desperado,

six long bristles upon either lip; redolent of whiskey, playing cards, and pistols; swaggering in the bar with

the lowest assumption of the lowest European manners; rapping out blackguard English oaths in his canorous

oriental voice; and combining in one person the depravities of two races and two civilizations. For all his lust

and vigour, he seemed to look cold upon me from the valley of the shadow of the gallows. He imagined a

vain thing; and while he drained his cocktail, Holbein's death was at his elbow. Once, too, I fell in talk with

another of these flitting strangers like the rest, in his shirt sleeves and all begrimed with dust and the

next minute we were discussing Paris and London, theatres and wines. To him, journeying from one human

place to another, this was a trifle; but to me! No, Mr. Lillie, I have not forgotten it.

And presently the citytide was at its flood and began to ebb. Life runs in Piccadilly Circus, say, from nine to

one, and then, there also, ebbs into the small hours of the echoing policeman and the lamps and stars. But the

Toll House is far up stream, and near its rural springs; the bubble of the tide but touches it. Before you had

yet grasped your pleasure, the horses were put to, the loud whips volleyed, and the tide was gone. North and

south had the two stages vanished, the towering dust subsided in the woods; but there was still an interval

before the flush had fallen on your cheeks, before the ear became once more contented with the silence, or the

seven sleepers of the Toll House dozed back to their accustomed corners. Yet a little, and the ostler would

swing round the great barrier across the road; and in the golden evening, that dreamy inn begin to trim its

As I recall the place the green dell below; the spires of pine; the sunwarm, scented air; that gray, gabled

inn, with its faint stirrings of life amid the slumber of the mountains I slowly awake to a sense of

admiration, gratitude, and almost love. A fine place, after all, for a wasted life to doze away in the cuckoo

clock hooting of its far home country; the croquet mallets, eloquent of English lawns; the stages daily

bringing news of the turbulent world away below there; and perhaps once in the summer, a salt fog pouring

IN our rule at Silverado, there was a melancholy interregnum. The queen and the crown prince with one

accord fell sick; and, as I was sick to begin with, our lone position on Mount Saint Helena was no longer

tenable, and we had to hurry back to Calistoga and a cottage on the green. By that time we had begun to

realize the difficulties of our position. We had found what an amount of labour it cost to support life in our

red canyon; and it was the dearest desire of our hearts to get a Chinaboy to go along with us when we

returned. We could have given him a whole house to himself, self contained, as they say in the

advertisements; and on the money question we were prepared to go far. Kong Sam Kee, the Calistoga

washerman, was entrusted with the affair; and from day to day it languished on, with protestations on our part

At length, about halfpast eight of our last evening, with the waggon ready harnessed to convey us up the

grade, the washerman, with a somewhat sneering air, produced the boy. He was a handsome, gentlemanly

lad, attired in rich dark blue, and shod with snowy white; but, alas! he had heard rumours of Silverado. He

know it for a lone place on the mountainside, with no friendly washhouse near by, where he might smoke

a pipe of opium o' nights with other Chinaboys, and lose his little earnings at the game of tan; and he first

backed out for more money; and then, when that demand was satisfied, refused to come pointblank. He was

wedded to his washhouses; he had no taste for the rural life; and we must go to our mountain servantless. It

must have been near half an hour before we reached that conclusion, standing in the midst of Calistoga high

street under the stars, and the Chinaboy and Kong Sam Kee singing their pigeon English in the sweetest

We were not, however, to return alone; for we brought with us Joe Strong, the painter, a most goodnatured

comrade and a capital hand at an omelette. I do not know in which capacity he was most valued as a cook

The Kong Sam Kee negotiation had delayed us unduly; it must have been halfpast nine before we left

Calistoga, and night came fully ere we struck the bottom of the grade. I have never seen such a night. It

seemed to throw calumny in the teeth of all the painters that ever dabbled in starlight. The sky itself was of a

ruddy, powerful, nameless, changing colour, dark and glossy like a serpent's back. The stars, by innumerable

millions, stuck boldly forth like lamps. The milky way was bright, like a moonlit cloud; half heaven seemed

milky way. The greater luminaries shone each more clearly than a winter's moon. Their light was dyed in

every sort of colour red, like fire; blue, like steel; green, like the tracks of sunset; and so sharply did each

stand forth in its own lustre that there was no appearance of that flat, starspangled arch we know so well in

pictures, but all the hollow of heaven was one chaos of contesting luminaries a hurryburly of stars.

As we continued to advance, the lesser lights and milky ways first grew pale, and then vanished; the

countless hosts of heaven dwindled in number by successive millions; those that still shone had tempered

their exceeding brightness and fallen back into their customary wistful distance; and the sky declined from its

first bewildering splendour into the appearance of a common night. Slowly this change proceeded, and still

there was no sign of any cause. Then a whiteness like mist was thrown over the spurs of the mountain. Yet a

while, and, as we turned a corner, a great leap of silver light and net of forest shadows fell across the road and

upon our wondering waggonful; and, swimming low among the trees, we beheld a strange, misshapen,

"Where are ye when the moon appears?" so the old poet sang, halftaunting, to the stars, bent upon a courtly

"As the sunlight round the dim earth's midnight tower of shadow pours, Streaming past the dim, wide portals,

Viewless to the eyes of mortals, Till it floods the moon's pale islet or the morning's golden shores."

So sings Mr. Trowbridge, with a noble inspiration. And so had the sunlight flooded that pale islet of the

moon, and her lit face put out, one after another, that galaxy of stars. The wonder of the drive was over; but,

by some nice conjunction of clearness in the air and fit shadow in the valley where we travelled, we had seen

for a little while that brave display of the midnight heavens. It was gone, but it had been; nor shall I ever

again behold the stars with the same mind. He who has seen the sea commoved with a great hurricane, thinks

of it very differently from him who has seen it only in a calm. And the difference between a calm and a

hurricane is not greatly more striking than that between the ordinary face of night and the splendour that

shone upon us in that drive. Two in our waggon knew night as she shines upon the tropics, but even that bore

no comparison. The nameless colour of the sky, the hues of the starfire, and the incredible projection of the

stars themselves, starting from their orbits, so that the eye seemed to distinguish their positions in the hollow

of space these were things that we had never seen before and shall never see again.

Meanwhile, in this altered night, we proceeded on our way among the scents and silence of the forest,

reached the top of the grade, wound up by Hanson's, and came at last to a stand under the flying gargoyle of

the chute. Sam, who had been lying back, fast asleep, with the moon on his face, got down, with the remark

that it was pleasant "to be home." The waggon turned and drove away, the noise gently dying in the woods,

and we clambered up the rough path, Caliban's great feat of engineering, and came home to Silverado.

The moon shone in at the eastern doors and windows, and over the lumber on the platform. The one tall pine

beside. the ledge was steeped in silver. Away up the canyon, a wild cat welcomed us with three discordant

squalls. But once we had lit a candle, and began to review our improvements, homely in either sense, and

count our stores, it was wonderful what a feeling of possession and permanence grow up in the hearts of the

lords of Silverado. A bed had still to be made up for Strong, and the morning's water to be fetched, with

clinking pail; and as we set about these household duties, and showed off our wealth and conveniences before

the stranger, and had a glass of wine, I think, in honour of our return, and trooped at length one after another

up the flying bridge of plank, and lay down to sleep in our shattered, moonpierced barrack, we were among

the happiest sovereigns in the world, and certainly ruled over the most contented people. Yet, in our absence,

the palace had been sacked. Wild cats, so the Hansons said, had broken in and carried off a side of bacon, a

NO one could live at Silverado and not be curious about the story of the mine. We were surrounded by so

many evidences of expense and toil, we lived so entirely in the wreck of that great enterprise, like mites in the

ruins of a cheese, that the idea of the old din and bustle haunted our repose. Our own house, the forge, the

dump, the chutes, the rails, the windlass, the mass of broken plant; the two tunnels, one far below in the green

dell, the other on the platform where we kept our wine; the deep shaft, with the sunglints and the

waterdrops; above all, the ledge, that great gaping slice out of the mountain shoulder, propped apart by

wooden wedges, on whose immediate margin, high above our heads, the one tall pine precariously nodded

these stood for its greatness; while, the doghutch, bootjacks, old boots, old tavern bills, and the very beds

that we inherited from bygone miners, put in human touches and realized for us the story of the past.

I have sat on an old sleeper, under the thick madronas near the forge, with just a look over the dump on the

green world below, and seen the sun lying broad among the wreck, and heard the silence broken only by the

tinkling water in the shaft, or a stir of the royal family about the battered palace, and my mind has gone back

to the epoch of the Stanleys and the Chapmans, with a grand TUTTI of pick and drill, hammer and anvil,

echoing about the canyon; the assayer hard at it in our diningroom; the carts below on the road, and their

cargo of red mineral bounding and thundering down the iron chute. And now all gone all fallen away into

this sunny silence and desertion: a family of squatters dining in the assayer's office, making their beds in the

big sleeping room erstwhile so crowded, keeping their wine in the tunnel that once rang with picks.

But Silverado itself, although now fallen in its turn into decay, was once but a mushroom, and had succeeded

to other mines and other flitting cities. Twenty years ago, away down the glen on the Lake County side there

was a place, Jonestown by name, with two thousand inhabitants dwelling under canvas, and one roofed house

for the sale of whiskey. Round on the western side of Mount Saint Helena, there was at the same date, a

second large encampment, its name, if it ever had one, lost for me. Both of these have perished, leaving not a

stick and scarce a memory behind them. Tide after tide of hopeful miners have thus flowed and ebbed about

the mountain, coming and going, now by lone prospectors, now with a rush. Last, in order of time came

Silverado, reared the big mill, in the valley, founded the town which is now represented, monumentally, by

Hanson's, pierced all these slaps and shafts and tunnels, and in turn declined and died away.

As to the success of Silverado in its time of being, two reports were current. According to the first, six

hundred thousand dollars were taken out of that great upright seam, that still hung open above us on crazy

wedges. Then the ledge pinched out, and there followed, in quest of the remainder, a great drifting and

tunnelling in all directions, and a great consequent effusion of dollars, until, all parties being sick of the

expense, the mine was deserted, and the town decamped. According to the second version, told me with much

secrecy of manner, the whole affair, mine, mill, and town, were parts of one majestic swindle. There had

never come any silver out of any portion of the mine; there was no silver to come. At midnight trains of

packhorses might have been observed winding by devious tracks about the shoulder of the mountain. They

came from far away, from Amador or Placer, laden with silver in "old cigar boxes." They discharged their

load at Silverado, in the hour of sleep; and before the morning they were gone again with their mysterious

drivers to their unknown source. In this way, twenty thousand pounds' worth of silver was smuggled in under

cover of night, in these old cigar boxes; mixed with Silverado mineral; carted down to the mill; crushed,

amalgated, and refined, and despatched to the city as the proper product of the mine. Stockjobbing, if it can

I give these two versions as I got them. But I place little reliance on either, my belief in history having been

greatly shaken. For it chanced that I had come to dwell in Silverado at a critical hour; great events in its

history were about to happen did happen, as I am led to believe; nay, and it will be seen that I played a part

in that revolution myself. And yet from first to last I never had a glimmer of an idea what was going on; and

even now, after full reflection, profess myself at sea. That there was some obscure intrigue of the cigarbox

order, and that I, in the character of a wooden puppet, set pen to paper in the interest of somebody, so much,

Silverado, then under my immediate sway, belonged to one whom I will call a Mr. Ronalds. I only knew him

through the extraordinarily distorting medium of local gossip, now as a momentous jobber; now as a dupe to

point an adage; and again, and much more probably, as an ordinary Christian gentleman like you or me, who

had opened a mine and worked it for a while with better and worse fortune. So, through a defective

windowpane, you may see the passerby shoot up into a hunchbacked giant or dwindle into a potbellied

To Ronalds, at least, the mine belonged; but the notice by which he held it would ran out upon the 30th of

June or rather, as I suppose, it had run out already, and the month of grace would expire upon that day, after

which any American citizen might post a notice of his own, and make Silverado his. This, with a sort of quiet

slyness, Rufe told me at an early period of our acquaintance. There was no silver, of course; the mine "wasn't

worth nothing, Mr. Stevens," but there was a deal of old iron and wood around, and to gain possession of this

old wood and iron, and get a right to the water, Rufe proposed, if I had no objections, to "jump the claim."

Of course, I had no objection. But I was filled with wonder. If all he wanted was the wood and iron, what, in

the name of fortune, was to prevent him taking them? "His right there was none to dispute." He might lay

hands on all tomorrow, as the wild cats had laid hands upon our knives and hatchet. Besides, was this mass

of heavy mining plant worth transportation? If it was, why had not the rightful owners carted it away? If it

was, would they not preserve their title to these movables, even after they had lost their title to the mine? And

if it were not, what the better was Rufe? Nothing would grow at Silverado; there was even no wood to cut;

beyond a sense of property, there was nothing to be gained. Lastly, was it at all credible that Ronalds would

forget what Rufe remembered? The days of grace were not yet over: any fine morning he might appear, paper

in hand, and enter for another year on his inheritance. However, it was none of my business; all seemed legal;

On the morning of the 27th, Mrs. Hanson appeared with the milk as usual, in her sunbonnet. The time

would be out on Tuesday, she reminded us, and bade me be in readiness to play my part, though I had no idea

what it was to be. And suppose Ronalds came? we asked. She received the idea with derision, laughing aloud

with all her fine teeth. He could not find the mine to save his life, it appeared, without Rufe to guide him.

Last year, when he came, they heard him "up and down the road a hollerin' and a raisin' Cain." And at last he

had to come to the Hansons in despair, and bid Rufe, "Jump into your pants and shoes, and show me where

this old mine is, anyway!" Seeing that Ronalds had laid out so much money in the spot, and that a beaten road

led right up to the bottom of the clump, I thought this a remarkable example. The sense of locality must be

That same evening, supper comfortably over, Joe Strong busy at work on a drawing of the dump and the

opposite hills, we were all out on the platform together, sitting there, under the tented heavens, with the same

sense of privacy as if we had been cabined in a parlour, when the sound of brisk footsteps came mounting up

the path. We pricked our ears at this, for the tread seemed lighter and firmer than was usual with our country

neighbours. And presently, sure enough, two town gentlemen, with cigars and kid gloves, came debauching

"Good evening," they said. For none of us had stirred; we all sat stiff with wonder.

"Good evening," I returned; and then, to put them at their ease, "A stiff climb," I added.

I did not like the man's tone. None of us liked it. He did not seem embarrassed by the meeting, but threw us

his remarks like favours, and strode magisterially by us towards the shaft and tunnel.

Presently we heard his voice raised to his companion. "We drifted every sort of way, but couldn't strike the

ledge." Then again: "It pinched out here." And once more: "Every minor that ever worked upon it says there's

These were the snatches of his talk that reached us, and they had a damning significance. We, the lords of

Silverado, had come face to face with our superior. It is the worst of all quaint and of all cheap ways of life

that they bring us at last to the pinch of some humiliation. I liked well enough to be a squatter when there was

none but Hanson by; before Ronalds, I will own, I somewhat quailed. I hastened to do him fealty, said I

gathered he was the Squattee, and apologized. He threatened me with ejection, in a manner grimly pleasant

more pleasant to him, I fancy, than to me; and then he passed off into praises of the former state of Silverado.

"It was the busiest little mining town you ever saw:" a population of between a thousand and fifteen hundred

souls, the engine in full blast, the mill newly erected; nothing going but champagne, and hope the order of the

day. Ninety thousand dollars came out; a hundred and forty thousand were put in, making a net loss of fifty

thousand. The last days, I gathered, the days of John Stanley, were not so bright; the champagne had ceased

to flow, the population was already moving elsewhere, and Silverado had begun to wither in the branch

before it was cut at the root. The last shot that was fired knocked over the stove chimney, and made that hole

in the roof of our barrack, through which the sun was wont to visit slugabeds towards afternoon. A noisy,

Throughout this interview, my conscience was a good deal exercised; and I was moved to throw myself on

my knees and own the intended treachery. But then I had Hanson to consider. I was in much the same

position as Old Rowley, that royal humourist, whom "the rogue had taken into his confidence." And again,

here was Ronalds on the spot. He must know the day of the month as well as Hanson and I. If a broad hint

were necessary, he had the broadest in the world. For a large board had been nailed by the crown prince on

the very front of our house, between the door and window, painted in cinnabar the pigment of the country

with doggrel rhymes and contumelious pictures, and announcing, in terms unnecessarily figurative, that the

trick was already played, the claim already jumped, and Master Sam the legitimate successor of Mr. Ronalds.

But no, nothing could save that man; QUEM DEUS VULT PERDERE, PRIUS DEMENTAT. As he came so

Late at night, by Silverado reckoning, and after we were all abed, Mrs. Hanson returned to give us the newest

of her news. It was like a scene in a ship's steerage: all of us abed in our different tiers, the single candle

struggling with the darkness, and this plump, handsome woman, seated on an upturned valise beside the

bunks, talking and showing her fine teeth, and laughing till the rafters rang. Any ship, to be sure, with a

hundredth part as many holes in it as our barrack, must long ago have gone to her last port. Up to that time I

had always imagined Mrs. Hanson's loquacity to be mere incontinence, that she said what was uppermost for

the pleasure of speaking, and laughed and laughed again as a kind of musical accompaniment. But I now

found there was an art in it, I found it less communicative than silence itself. I wished to know why Ronalds

had come; how he had found his way without Rufe; and why, being on the spot, he had not refreshed his title.

She talked interminably on, but her replies were never answers. She fled under a cloud of words; and when I

had made sure that she was purposely eluding me, I dropped the subject in my turn, and let her rattle where

She had come to tell us that, instead of waiting for Tuesday, the claim was to be jumped on the morrow.

How? If the time were not out, it was impossible. Why? If Ronalds had come and gone, and done nothing,

there was the less cause for hurry. But again I could reach no satisfaction. The claim was to be jumped next

And yet it was not jumped the next morning, nor yet the next, and a whole week had come and gone before

we heard more of this exploit. That day week, however, a day of great heat, Hanson, with a little roll of paper

in his hand, and the eternal pipe alight; Breedlove, his large, dull friend, to act, I suppose, as witness; Mrs.

Hanson, in her Sunday best; and all the children, from the oldest to the youngest; arrived in a procession,

tailing one behind another up the path. Caliban was absent, but he had been chary of his friendly visits since

the row; and with that exception, the whole family was gathered together as for a marriage or a christening.

Strong was sitting at work, in the shade of the dwarf madronas near the forge; and they planted themselves

about him in a circle, one on a stone, another on the waggon rails, a third on a piece of plank. Gradually the

children stole away up the canyon to where there was another chute, somewhat smaller than the one across

the dump; and down this chute, for the rest of the afternoon, they poured one avalanche of stones after

another, waking the echoes of the glen. Meantime we elders sat together on the platform, Hanson and his

friend smoking in silence like Indian sachems, Mrs. Hanson rattling on as usual with an adroit volubility,

Not a word occurred about the business of the day. Once, twice, and thrice I tried to slide the subject in, but

was discouraged by the stoic apathy of Rufe, and beaten down before the pouring verbiage of his wife. There

is nothing of the Indian brave about me, and I began to grill with impatience. At last, like a highway robber, I

cornered Hanson, and bade him stand and deliver his business. Thereupon he gravely rose, as though to hint

that this was not a proper place, nor the subject one suitable for squaws, and I, following his example, led him

up the plank into our barrack. There he bestowed himself on a box, and unrolled his papers with fastidious

deliberation. There were two sheets of notepaper, and an old mining notice, dated May 30th, 1879, part

print, part manuscript, and the latter much obliterated by the rains. It was by this identical piece of paper that

the mine had been held last year. For thirteen months it had endured the weather and the change of seasons on

a cairn behind the shoulder of the canyon; and it was now my business, spreading it before me on the table,

and sitting on a valise, to copy its terms, with some necessary changes, twice over on the two sheets of

notepaper. One was then to be placed on the same cairn a "mound of rocks" the notice put it; and the other

Rufe watched me, silently smoking, till I came to the place for the locator's name at the end of the first copy;

and when I proposed that he should sign, I thought I saw a scare in his eye. "I don't think that'll be necessary,"

he said slowly; "just you write it down." Perhaps this mighty hunter, who was the most active member of the

local school board, could not write. There would be nothing strange in that. The constable of Calistoga is, and

has been for years, a bedridden man, and, if I remember rightly, blind. He had more need of the emoluments

than another, it was explained; and it was easy for him to "depytize," with a strong accent on the last. So

When I had done my scrivening, Hanson strolled out, and addressed Breedlove, "Will you step up here a bit?"

and after they had disappeared a little while into the chaparral and madrona thicket, they came back again,

minus a notice, and the deed was done. The claim was jumped; a tract of mountainside, fifteen hundred feet

long by six hundred wide, with all the earth's precious bowels, had passed from Ronalds to Hanson, and, in

the passage, changed its name from the "Mammoth" to the "Calistoga." I had tried to get Rufe to call it after

his wife, after himself, and after Garfield, the Republican Presidential candidate of the hour since then

elected, and, alas! dead but all was in vain. The claim had once been called the Calistoga before, and he

And so the history of that mine became once more plunged in darkness, lit only by some monster

pyrotechnical displays of gossip. And perhaps the most curious feature of the whole matter is this: that we

should have dwelt in this quiet corner of the mountains, with not a dozen neighbours, and yet struggled all the

while, like desperate swimmers, in this sea of falsities and contradictions. Wherever a man is, there will be a

I MUST try to convey some notion of our life, of how the days passed and what pleasure we took in them, of

what there was to do and how we set about doing it, in our mountain hermitage. The house, after we had

repaired the worst of the damages, and filled in some of the doors and windows with white cotton cloth,

became a healthy and a pleasant dwelling place, always airy and dry, and haunted by the outdoor perfumes

of the glen. Within, it had the look of habitation, the human look. You had only to go into the third room,

which we did not use, and see its stones, its sifting earth, its tumbled litter; and then return to our lodging,

with the beds made, the plates on the rack, the pail of bright water behind the door, the stove crackling in a

corner, and perhaps the table roughly laid against a meal, and man's order, the little clean spots that he

creates to dwell in, were at once contrasted with the rich passivity of nature. And yet our house was

everywhere so wrecked and shattered, the air came and went so freely, the sun found so many portholes, the

golden outdoor glow shone in so many open chinks, that we enjoyed, at the same time, some of the comforts

of a roof and much of the gaiety and brightness of al fresco life. A single shower of rain, to be sure, and we

should have been drowned out like mice. But ours was a Californian summer, and an earthquake was a far

Trustful in this fine weather, we kept the house for kitchen and bedroom, and used the platform as our

summer parlour. The sense of privacy, as I have said already, was complete. We could look over the clump

on miles of forest and rough hilltop; our eyes commanded some of Napa Valley, where the train ran, and the

little country townships sat so close together along the line of the rail. But here there was no man to intrude.

None but the Hansons were our visitors. Even they came but at long intervals, or twice daily, at a stated hour,

with milk. So our days, as they were never interrupted, drew out to the greater length; hour melted insensibly

into hour; the household duties, though they were many, and some of them laborious, dwindled into mere

islets of business in a sea of sunny daytime; and it appears to me, looking back, as though the far greater

part of our life at Silverado had been passed, propped upon an elbow, or seated on a plank, listening to the

My work, it is true, was over early in the morning. I rose before any one else, lit the stove, put on the water to

boil, and strolled forth upon the platform to wait till it was ready. Silverado would then be still in shadow, the

sun shining on the mountain higher up. A clean smell of trees, a smell of the earth at morning, hung in the air.

Regularly, every day, there was a single bird, not singing, but awkwardly chirruping among the green

madronas, and the sound was cheerful, natural, and stirring. It did not hold the attention, nor interrupt the

thread of meditation, like a blackbird or a nightingale; it was mere woodland prattle, of which the mind was

conscious like a perfume. The freshness of these morning seasons remained with me far on into the day.

As soon as the kettle boiled, I made porridge and coffee; and that, beyond the literal drawing of water, and

the preparation of kindling, which it would be hyperbolical to call the hewing of wood, ended my domestic

duties for the day. Thenceforth my wife laboured singlehanded in the palace, and I lay or wandered on the

platform at my own sweet will. The little corner near the forge, where we found a refuge under the madronas

from the unsparing early sun, is indeed connected in my mind with some nightmare encounters over Euclid,

and the Latin Grammar. These were known as Sam's lessons. He was supposed to be the victim and the

sufferer; but here there must have been some misconception, for whereas I generally retired to bed after one

of these engagements, he was no sooner set free than he dashed up to the Chinaman's house, where he had

installed a printing press, that great element of civilization, and the sound of his labours would be faintly

To walk at all was a laborious business; the foot sank and slid, the boots were cut to pieces, among sharp,

uneven, rolling stones. When we crossed the platform in any direction, it was usual to lay a course, following

as much as possible the line of waggon rails. Thus, if water were to be drawn, the watercarrier left the house

along some tilting planks that we had laid down, and not laid down very well. These carried him to that great

highroad, the railway; and the railway served him as far as to the head of the shaft. But from thence to the

spring and back again he made the best of his unaided way, staggering among the stones, and wading in low

growth of the calcanthus, where the rattlesnakes lay hissing at his passage. Yet I liked to draw water. It was

pleasant to dip the gray metal pail into the clean, colourless, cool water; pleasant to carry it back, with the

But the extreme roughness of the walking confined us in common practice to the platform, and indeed to

those parts of it that were most easily accessible along the line of rails. The rails came straight forward from

the shaft, here and there overgrown with little green bushes, but still entire, and still carrying a truck, which it

was Sam's delight to trundle to and fro by the hour with various ladings. About midway down the platform,

the railroad trended to the right, leaving our house and coasting along the far side within a few yards of the

madronas and the forge, and not far of the latter, ended in a sort of platform on the edge of the dump. There,

in old days, the trucks were tipped, and their load sent thundering down the chute. There, besides, was the

only spot where we could approach the margin of the dump. Anywhere else, you took your life in your right

hand when you came within a yard and a half to peer over. For at any moment the dump might begin to slide

and carry you down and bury you below its ruins. Indeed, the neighbourhood of an old mine is a place beset

with dangers. For as still as Silverado was, at any moment the report of rotten wood might tell us that the

platform had fallen into the shaft; the dump might begin to pour into the road below; or a wedge slip in the

great upright seam, and hundreds of tons of mountain bury the scene of our encampment.

I have already compared the dump to a rampart, built certainly by some rude people, and for prehistoric wars.

It was likewise a frontier. All below was green and woodland, the tall pines soaring one above another, each

with a firm outline and full spread of bough. All above was arid, rocky, and bald. The great spout of broken

mineral, that had dammed the canyon up, was a creature of man's handiwork, its material dug out with a pick

and powder, and spread by the service of the tracks. But nature herself, in that upper district, seemed to have

had an eye to nothing besides mining; and even the natural hillside was all sliding gravel and precarious

boulder. Close at the margin of the well leaves would decay to skeletons and mummies, which at length some

stronger gust would carry clear of the canyon and scatter in the subjacent woods. Even moisture and decaying

vegetable matter could not, with all nature's alchemy, concoct enough soil to nourish a few poor grasses. It is

the same, they say, in the neighbourhood of all silver mines; the nature of that precious rock being stubborn

with quartz and poisonous with cinnabar. Both were plenty in our Silverado. The stones sparkled white in the

sunshine with quartz; they were all stained red with cinnabar. Here, doubtless, came the Indians of yore to

paint their faces for the warpath; and cinnabar, if I remember rightly, was one of the few articles of Indian

commerce. Now, Sam had it in his undisturbed possession, to pound down and slake, and paint his rude

designs with. But to me it had always a fine flavour of poetry, compounded out of Indian story and

"Desire, alas! I desire a Zeuxis new, From Indies borrowing gold, from Eastern skies Most bright cinoper . .

Yet this is but half the picture; our Silverado platform has another side to it. Though there was no soil, and

scarce a blade of grass, yet out of these tumbled gravelheaps and broken boulders, a flower garden bloomed

as at home in a conservatory. Calcanthus crept, like a hardy weed, all over our rough parlour, choking the

railway, and pushing forth its rusty, aromatic cones from between two blocks of shattered mineral. Azaleas

made a big snowbed just above the well. The shoulder of the hill waved white with Mediterranean heath. In

the crannies of the ledge and about the spurs of the tall pine, a red flowering stoneplant hung in clusters.

Even the low, thorny chaparral was thick with pealike blossom. Close at the foot of our path nutmegs

prospered, delightful to the sight and smell. At sunrise, and again late at night, the scent of the sweet bay trees

filled the canyon, and the downblowing night wind must have borne it hundreds of feet into the outer air.

All this vegetation, to be sure, was stunted. The madrona was here no bigger than the manzanita; the bay was

but a stripling shrub; the very pines, with four or five exceptions in all our upper canyon, were not so tall as

myself, or but a little taller, and the most of them came lower than my waist. For a prosperous forest tree, we

must look below, where the glen was crowded with green spires. But for flowers and ravishing perfume, we

had none to envy: our heap of road metal was thick with bloom, like a hawthorn in the front of June; our

red, baking angle in the mountain, a laboratory of poignant scents. It was an endless wonder to my mind, as I

dreamed about the platform, following the progress of the shadows, where the madrona with its leaves, the

azalea and calcanthus with their blossoms, could find moisture to support such thick, wet, waxy growths, or

the bay tree collect the ingredients of its perfume. But there they all grew together, healthy, happy, and

Nor was it only vegetable life that prospered. We had, indeed, few birds, and none that had much of a voice

or anything worthy to be called a song. My morning comrade had a thin chirp, unmusical and monotonous,

but friendly and pleasant to hear. He had but one rival: a fellow with an ostentatious cry of near an octave

descending, not one note of which properly followed another. This is the only bird I ever knew with a wrong

ear; but there was something enthralling about his performance. You listened and listened, thinking each time

he must surely get it right; but no, it was always wrong, and always wrong the same way. Yet he seemed

proud of his song, delivered it with execution and a manner of his own, and was charming to his mate. A very

incorrect, incessant human whistler had thus a chance of knowing how his own music pleased the world. Two

great birds eagles, we thought dwelt at the top of the canyon, among the crags that were printed on the

sky. Now and again, but very rarely, they wheeled high over our heads in silence, or with a distant, dying

scream; and then, with a fresh impulse, winged fleetly forward, dipped over a hilltop, and were gone. They

seemed solemn and ancient things, sailing the blue air: perhaps cooeval with the mountain where they

haunted, perhaps emigrants from Rome, where the glad legions may have shouted to behold them on the

But if birds were rare, the place abounded with rattlesnakes the rattlesnake's nest, it might have been

named. Wherever we brushed among the bushes, our passage woke their angry buzz. One dwelt habitually in

the woodpile, and sometimes, when we came for firewood, thrust up his small head between two logs, and

hissed at the intrusion. The rattle has a legendary credit; it is said to be aweinspiring, and, once heard, to

stamp itself for ever in the memory. But the sound is not at all alarming; the hum of many insects, and the

buzz of the wasp convince the ear of danger quite as readily. As a matter of fact, we lived for weeks in

Silverado, coming and going, with rattles sprung on every side, and it never occurred to us to be afraid. I used

to take sunbaths and do calisthenics in a certain pleasant nook among azalea and calcanthus, the rattles

whizzing on every side like spinning wheels, and the combined hiss or buzz rising louder and angrier at any

sudden movement; but I was never in the least impressed, nor ever attacked. It was only towards the end of

our stay, that a man down at Calistoga, who was expatiating on the terrifying nature of the sound, gave me at

last a very good imitation; and it burst on me at once that we dwelt in the very metropolis of deadly snakes,

and that the rattle was simply the commonest noise in Silverado. Immediately on our return, we attacked the

Hansons on the subject. They had formerly assured us that our canyon was favoured, like Ireland, with an

entire immunity from poisonous reptiles; but, with the perfect inconsequence of the natural man, they were

no sooner found out than they went off at score in the contrary direction, and we were told that in no part of

the world did rattlesnakes attain to such a monstrous bigness as among the warm, flowerdotted rocks of

Silverado. This is a contribution rather to the natural history of the Hansons, than to that of snakes.

One person, however, better served by his instinct, had known the rattle from the first; and that was Chuchu,

the dog. No rational creature has ever led an existence more poisoned by terror than that dog's at Silverado.

Every whiz of the rattle made him bound. His eyes rolled; he trembled; he would be often wet with sweat.

One of our great mysteries was his terror of the mountain. A little away above our nook, the azaleas and

almost all the vegetation ceased. Dwarf pines not big enough to be Christmas trees, grew thinly among loose

stone and gravel scaurs. Here and there a big boulder sat quiescent on a knoll, having paused there till the

next rain in his long slide down the mountain. There was here no ambuscade for the snakes, you could see

clearly where you trod; and yet the higher I went, the more abject and appealing became Chuchu's terror. He

was an excellent master of that composite language in which dogs communicate with men, and he would

assure me, on his honour, that there was some peril on the mountain; appeal to me, by all that I held holy, to

turn back; and at length, finding all was in vain, and that I still persisted, ignorantly foolhardy, he would

suddenly whip round and make a beeline down the slope for Silverado, the gravel showering after him.

What was he afraid of? There were admittedly brown bears and California lions on the mountain; and a

grizzly visited Rufe's poultry yard not long before, to the unspeakable alarm of Caliban, who dashed out to

chastise the intruder, and found himself, by moonlight, face to face with such a tartar. Something at least

there must have been: some hairy, dangerous brute lodged permanently among the rocks a little to the

And there was, or there had been, another animal. Once, under the broad daylight, on that open stony hillside,

where the baby pines were growing, scarcely tall enough to be a badge for a MacGregor's bonnet, I came

suddenly upon his innocent body, lying mummified by the dry air and sun: a pigmy kangaroo. I am

ingloriously ignorant of these subjects; had never heard of such a beast; thought myself face to face with

some incomparable sport of nature; and began to cherish hopes of immortality in science. Rarely have I been

conscious of a stranger thrill than when I raised that singular creature from the stones, dry as a board, his

innocent heart long quiet, and all warm with sunshine. His long hind legs were stiff, his tiny forepaws

clutched upon his breast, as if to leap; his poor life cut short upon that mountain by some unknown accident.

But the kangaroo rat, it proved, was no such unknown animal; and my discovery was nothing.

Crickets were not wanting. I thought I could make out exactly four of them, each with a corner of his own,

who used to make night musical at Silverado. In the matter of voice, they far excelled the birds, and their

ringing whistle sounded from rock to rock, calling and replying the same thing, as in a meaningless opera.

Thus, children in full health and spirits shout together, to the dismay of neighbours; and their idle, happy,

deafening vociferations rise and fall, like the song of the crickets. I used to sit at night on the platform, and

wonder why these creatures were so happy; and what was wrong with man that he also did not wind up his

days with an hour or two of shouting; but I suspect that all longlived animals are solemn. The dogs alone are

hardly used by nature; and it seems a manifest injustice for poor Chuchu to die in his teens, after a life so

shadowed and troubled, continually shaken with alarm, and the tear of elegant sentiment permanently in his

There was another neighbour of ours at Silverado, small but very active, a destructive fellow. This was a

black, ugly fly a bore, the Hansons called him who lived by hundreds in the boarding of our house. He

entered by a round hole, more neatly pierced than a man could do it with a gimlet, and he seems to have spent

his life in cutting out the interior of the plank, but whether as a dwelling or a storehouse, I could never find.

When I used to lie in bed in the morning for a rest we had no easychairs in Silverado I would hear, hour

after hour, the sharp cutting sound of his labours, and from time to time a dainty shower of sawdust would

And now that I have named to the reader all our animals and insects without exception only I find I have

forgotten the flies he will be able to appreciate the singular privacy and silence of our days. It was not only

man who was excluded: animals, the song of birds, the lowing of cattle, the bleating of sheep, clouds even,

and the variations of the weather, were here also wanting; and as, day after day, the sky was one dome of

blue, and the pines below us stood motionless in the still air, so the hours themselves were marked out from

each other only by the series of our own affairs, and the sun's great period as he ranged westward through the

heavens. The two birds cackled a while in the early morning; all day the water tinkled in the shaft, the bores

ground sawdust in the planking of our crazy palace infinitesimal sounds; and it was only with the return of

night that any change would fall on our surroundings, or the four crickets begin to flute together in the dark.

Indeed, it would be hard to exaggerate the pleasure that we took in the approach of evening. Our day was not

very long, but it was very tiring. To trip along unsteady planks or wade among shifting stones, to go to and

fro for water, to clamber down the glen to the Toll House after meat and letters, to cook, to make fires and

beds, were all exhausting to the body. Life out of doors, besides, under the fierce eye of day, draws largely on

the animal spirits. There are certain hours in the afternoon when a man, unless he is in strong health or enjoys

a vacant mind, would rather creep into a cool corner of a house and sit upon the chairs of civilization. About

that time, the sharp stones, the planks, the upturned boxes of Silverado, began to grow irksome to my body; I

set out on that hopeless, neverending quest for a more comfortable posture; I would be fevered and weary of

the staring sun; and just then he would begin courteously to withdraw his countenance, the shadows

lengthened, the aromatic airs awoke, and an indescribable but happy change announced the coming of the

The hours of evening, when we were once curtained in the friendly dark, sped lightly. Even as with the

crickets, night brought to us a certain spirit of rejoicing. It was good to taste the air; good to mark the

dawning of the stars, as they increased their glittering company; good, too, to gather stones, and send them

crashing down the chute, a wave of light. It seemed, in some way, the reward and the fulfilment of the day.

So it is when men dwell in the open air; it is one of the simple pleasures that we lose by living cribbed and

covered in a house, that, though the coming of the day is still the most inspiriting, yet day's departure, also,

and the return of night refresh, renew, and quiet us; and in the pastures of the dusk we stand, like cattle,

Our nights wore never cold, and they were always still, but for one remarkable exception. Regularly, about

nine o'clock, a warm wind sprang up, and blew for ten minutes, or maybe a quarter of an hour, right down the

canyon, fanning it well out, airing it as a mother airs the night nursery before the children sleep. As far as I

could judge, in the clear darkness of the night, this wind was purely local: perhaps dependant on the

configuration of the glen. At least, it was very welcome to the hot and weary squatters; and if we were not

abed already, the springing up of this lilliputian valleywind would often be our signal to retire.

I was the last to go to bed, as I was still the first to rise. Many a night I have strolled about the platform,

taking a bath of darkness before I slept. The rest would be in bed, and even from the forge I could hear them

talking together from bunk to bunk. A single candle in the neck of a pint bottle was their only illumination;

and yet the old cracked house seemed literally bursting with the light. It shone keen as a knife through all the

vertical chinks; it struck upward through the broken shingles; and through the eastern door and window, it

fell in a great splash upon the thicket and the overhanging rock. You would have said a conflagration, or at

the least a roaring forge; and behold, it was but a candle. Or perhaps it was yet more strange to see the

procession moving bedwards round the corner of the house, and up the plank that brought us to the bedroom

door; under the immense spread of the starry heavens, down in a crevice of the giant mountain these few

human shapes, with their unshielded taper, made so disproportionate a figure in the eye and mind. But the

more he is alone with nature, the greater man and his doings bulk in the consideration of his fellowmen.

Miles and miles away upon the opposite hill tops, if there were any hunter belated or any traveller who had

lost his way, he must have stood, and watched and wondered, from the time the candle issued from the door

of the assayer's office till it had mounted the plank and disappeared again into the miners' dormitory.